1. Material Testing and Field Compliance Test Universal Rural Roads Access Program Training of Trainers for Contractors 02 – 07 August 2013, Chancho Ethiopian Roads Authority

2. Presentation Outline Background Need for Testing and Specification Material Laboratory Testing Field Compliance Test Test data management & QC

3. Background Road formation ◦ Site clearance ◦ Earth work/ embankment construction ◦ Subgrade construction ◦ Subbase and ◦ Surfacing

4. Engineered natural surfaces Typical gravel road cross section

5. Embankment/Subgrade Material quality Requirements for borrow material, Earth work for embankment and subgrade construction The material used in embankment, sub- grade, shoulders, etc. shall be soil, gravel, a mixture of these or other material approved by an Engineer. It shall be free from logs, stumps, roots, rubbish, etc.

6. Cut and Fill (Embankment) Sections

8. Granular Subbase Gravel material to be used for sub-base shall be obtained from approved sources in borrow areas, cuts or existing pavement layers. The complete sub-base shall contain no material having a maximum dimension exceeding two-thirds of the completed layer thickness. Gravel Sub-base material shall, unless otherwise stated, conform to specification requirements in terms of:

9. Need for Testing and Specification Material testing is essential to verify material characteristics for application trials, detect defects, analyze failures, improve new materials or conduct basic research. The materials used in construction projects must meet strict quality regulations, standards, and service life requirements. The materials will affect the quality, costs, sustainability and environmental impact of the construction project.

10. …. cont The technical staff involved in testing areas should have educational certificate and work experience. The Engineer shall verify that the laboratory has the appropriate equipment, calibration and verification records, test procedures, and trained personnel to perform every procedure in the proposed scope. Test procedures shall be performed with applicable materials

11. Contractor’s Responsibilities from the view of the provision of the Contract General Responsibilities The Contractor has obligation with respect to the supply of materials and workmanship. Do the work with care and skill in a proper and workmanlike manner; Use materials of good and viable quality; Ensure that both the work and the materials should reasonably fit for the purpose they are wished-for.

12. …cont Clause 8.1 The Contractor shall, with due care and diligence, execute and maintain the works and provide all labour, including the supervision thereof, materials. Construction plant and all other things, whether of a temporary or permanent nature, required. Clause 36.1 All materials and workmanship shall be of the respective kinds described in the Contract and in accordance with the Engineer’s instructions, and shall be subjected from time to time to such tests as the Engineer may direct at the place of manufacture of fabrication, or on the site or at such other places as may be specified in the contract.

13. …cont Clause 36.2. All samples shall be supplied by the Contractor at his own cost if the supply thereof is clearly intended by or provided for in the contract. Clause 36.3. The Cost of making any test shall be borne by the Contractor if such test is clearly intended by or provided for in the contract.

14. Material Standards to be Met on Completion of Construction The Specification sets out materials standards to be met by each major construction material tested in the Site laboratory. 1209Specifications American, British and Ethiopian standards are used in this Technical Specification. In the absence of any definite provisions in the Specification on any particular issue, reference may be made to the latest codes of AASHTO, ASTM, BS or Ethiopian standards in this order of precedence.

15. …cont 3202 MATERIALS FOR EMBANKMENTS a) Fill The following soils are unsuitable for construction of embankments: • Materials with more than 5% by weight of organic materials • Materials with a swell of more than 3% • Clays with plasticity index over 45 or a liquid limit over 90. b) Improved Subgrade The following are minimum requirements for fill materials to be used in area of weak sub-grade: • Minimum 25% passing 2.36 mm sieve. • Ip less than 30. • Reject index less than 10% • Soils shall be non-expansive, non-dispersive and free from any deleterious matter.

16. …cont SERIES 4000: CULVERT AND DRAINAGE WORKS Concrete cube strength aggregate water 5102 Gravel Wearing Course The minimum requirements for gravel wearing course material Maximum size (mm) Oversize Index (Io) Shrinkage product (Sp) Grading coefficient (Gc) Soaked CBR (at 95% Mod AASHTO) Treton Impact Value (%)

17. Laboratory Testing Basic testing requirements – Soils ◦ Atterberg limits (LL, PL) ◦ Linear shrinkage ◦ Particle size distribution – grading ◦ Moisture content and compaction ◦ California Bearing Ratio (CBR)

18. Unsuitable soil materials for subgrade Clay soil which contains the value of Liquid Limit more than 80% and/or Plasticity Index more than 55%, It is flammable materials (oily), and organically clay soil, Contain lots of rotten roots, grass and other vegetation, Soil which is soft and unstable because it is too wet or dry which makes it difficult to compact properly.

19. Desirable Properties of Soil as Subgrade Material Stability. Incompressibility. Minimum changes in volume and stability under adverse condition of weather and ground water. Permanency of strength. Good drainage. Ease of compaction.

20. Granular Subbase Grading limits Grading Modulus Plastic Index, PI Compaction requirements CBR

21. Gravel wearing surface Based on ◦ Shrinkage product (linear shrinkage) ◦ Grading Coefficient

22. Atterberg Limit Casagrande LL DevicePL Device Plastic index PI = LL - PL

23. Phase Solid state Semi-solid state Plastic state Liquid state Suspension Water Limits ShrinkageConstant volume ConditionHard to softWorkable Sticky SlurryWater-held suspension Shear strength [kN/m 2 ] Negligible to Nil Moisture content Soil phases and Atterberg limits Dry soil Shrinkage limit Plastic limit Liquid limit 0 SL PL LL Sticky limit Plastic index Water content increasing Volume increasing Shear strength decreasing (~1.7) (~170) PI

24. Particle Size Distribution

25. Gradation ◦ Poor/ Uniform ◦ Well/ continuous ◦ Gap graded If there are a lot of different fractions between the largest and the smallest, the sample is well graded. If only a few sizes can be seen, the sample is single sized or poorly graded. Single-sized materials do not compact well, because there are no suitably small-sized particles to fill the empty voids between the bigger particles a good mechanical interlock

26. States of soil aggregate mixtures Alemgena Alene, PhD CENG6305 – Ch2 High stability when confined High stability when confined AND dry No cohesionHigh cohesion when dryHigh cohesion when dry, low when wet High angle of internal friction No angle of internal friction when wet Not affected by moisture conditions Moderately affected by moisture conditions Greatly affected by moisture conditions Very difficult to compactModerately dificult to compact Not difficult to compact at right moisture level a) no fines b) enough finesc) excess fines

27. Purpose of soil classification

28. Development of soil classification

29. Basis of soil classification systems

30. Key soil components in soil classification systems

31. Extension of USCS for LVR

32. Comparison AASHTO and USCS (Lia 1970)

33. Comparison of soil classification systems

34. Material Classes for Pavement formation

35. ERA Testing Standards

36. Differences in Test Methods

38. Differences in Test Procedure - CBR

39. Rationale for Specification

40. Specs and Use of Local Materials

41. Appropriateness of current specs

42. Use of local materials

43. ERA Low Volume Roads Material requirements for roadbase ◦ A wide range of materials including  lateritic,  calcareous and quartzitic gravels,  river gravels and other transported and residual gravels, or  granular materials resulting from weathering of rocks can be used successfully as road base materials

44. Particle size distribution for natural gravel base

45. Concrete Test Concrete grade shall be confirmed at least through strength test

46. Field Compliance Tests Field density – Sand cone replacement Strength – Dynamic cone penetrometer

47. Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) How to do test How to analyse data How to calculate Structural Number

48. Dynamic Cone Penetrometer

49. 100 10 50 5 1 5 100101 1. Kleyn and Van Heerden, 1983 (60° cone) 2. Smith and Pratt, 1983 (30° cone) 3. Van Vuuren, 1969 (30° cone) 4. TRRL, 1990 (60° cone) DCP (mm/blow) CBR (per cent) 4 2 1 3 1. Log 10 (CBR) = 2.632 - 1.28 Log 10 (mm/blow) 2. Log 10 (CBR) = 2.555 - 1.145 Log 10 (mm/blow) 3. Log 10 (CBR) = 2.503 - 1.15 Log 10 (mm/blow) 4. Log 10 (CBR) = 2.48 - 1.057 Log 10 (mm/blow) DCP - CBR RELATIONSHIP

50. DCP TEST Site/road: Test No: Section No/Chainage: Direction: Wheel path: Zero reading of DCP: Started test at: Date: No. Blows Blows mm No. Blows Blows mm No. Blows Blows mm DCP Test Date:_______________ ________ Site/Road Addis Ababa - Gohatsion Test No._______________________ Section No.Chainage 115+000 RHS Zero reading of DCP: 100 Direction:________________________ Started test at: Subgrade Wheel Path: ______________________ No. Blows ∑ Blows mm No. Blows ∑ Blows mm No. Blows ∑ Blows mm 1 150 1 180 1 210 1 230 1 250 1 265 1 280 1 295 1 315 1 330 1 340 3 345 5 350 5 355 10 360 10 362 10 362 Alemgena Alene, PhD CENG6302 - Ch6

51. 100 0 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 40801201600 Depth (mm) Number of blows Roadbase Thickness266mm CBR41per cent Sub-base Thickness380mm CBR20per cent Gravel surfacing Thickness220mm CBR>100per cent Subgrade CBR 13 per cent Typical DCP result