1. ENGLISH PLURALS
The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter 's' to the end of the word .
hour –hours tree – trees house – houses
Nouns that end in -ch, -x, -s, -sh, zz or s-like sounds, the plural is formed by adding 'es' to the end of the word.
watch – watches box – boxes
gas – gases brush – brushes
Nouns that end in a single -z, the plural is formed by adding 'zes' to the end of the word.
quiz - quizzes
Most nouns ending in -o preceded by a consonant also form their plurals by adding 'es' .
potato – potatoes volcano – volcanoes
However many newly created words and words with a Spanish or Italian origin that end in -o just add an 's'.
piano – pianos photo – photos
Nouns ending in a consonant + y, drop the y and add 'ies'.
lady – ladies party – parties
Most nouns ending in -f or -fe, drop the f and add 'ves'.
wolf – wolves wife – wives
Most words ending in -is, drop the -is and add -es.
crisis – crises oasis - oases

2. cattle scissors trousers tweezers
There are many common nouns that have irregular plurals.
man - men woman - women
child – children mouse - mice
tooth - teeth goose - geese
foot - feet ox – oxen
person – people
Some nouns have identical plural and singular forms, although they are still considered to have a plural form.
sheep – sheep fish – fish
aircraft – aircraft
Uncountable nouns
on the other hand have no plural form and take a singular verb (is / was ...).
advice
money
information
traffic
news
sugar
Some nouns (especially those associated with two things) exist only in the plural form and take a plural verb (are / were...).
cattle scissors trousers
tweezers
Nouns that stem from older forms of English or are of foreign origin often have odd plurals.
index - indices or indexes
phenomenon – phenomena
antenna - antennae – antennas
cactus – cacti – cactuses
In compound nouns the plural ending is usually added to the main noun.
passer-by - passers-by
mother-in-law – mothers-in-law
fireman – firemen
attorney general - attorneys general

3. Exercises:
Write the plural of each of these nouns:
dress - …………………………… brush - …………………………..  touch - ………………………………
wish - ……………………………. class - ………………… sketch - …………………………………
fox - ……………………………… cross - ……………………………. star - ……………………………………
bench - ………………………… bush - ………………………… city - ……………………………
ax - …………………………….. grass - ………………………… cherry - ………………………………
mantis - ………………………. buzz - …………………………… essay - …………………………………
box- …………………………….. dish - ……………………………… baby - …………………………………
church - ……………………… boy - …………………………… story - ……………………………………
 volley - ………………………… chimney - ……………………… day - ………………………………
cargo - ……………………… mosquito - ……………………… hero - ………………………………
canto - …………………………  solo - ……………………………  piano - …………………………………
leaf - ……………………………… life - ………………………………  loaf - …………………………………
shelf - …………………………  half- …………………………… chief - ………………………………
roof - ………………………… belief - ………………………………..

4. Dogs are good friends to men. ……………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Turn the following sentences into singular:
Dogs are good friends to men.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
Fir trees grow in the mountains.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
Women do not watch football matches.
Children usually change their teeth when they are six years old.
These men have got new cars.
Those geese are right next to the horses.