1. Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy and Electronegativity

2. Trends in Atomic Radius, Ionization Energy and Electronegativity can be explained by
Strength of the Nucleus
(As the number of protons in the nucleus increases, the nucleus is more attractive to electrons.)
Shielding
Shielding means “blocking”. If electrons are shielded or “blocked” they won’t feel the attractive pull of the nucleus.

3. Analogy
A street performer is like a nucleus. It could be attractive to its audience, but one must consider the following:
How talented is the performer—how strongly does he or she attract onlookers?
How much are the onlookers blocked from being able to see the performer?

4. By considering both the strength of the nucleus and the amount of shielding electrons experience, we can describe and explain trends in atomic radius, ionization energy and electronegativity.

5. Atomic Radius A way to measure the volume of an atom
Measured by measuring the distance between two nuclei and halving that distance

6. Trends in Atomic Radius
As you go from the top of a group to the bottom, atomic radius increases.
As you go from the left of the period to the right, atomic radius decreases.

7. Atomic Radius Trends Explained
Group Trends
From the top of a group to the bottom of a group, the number of protons increases, but so does the number of energy levels. Nuclear charge increases, but so does shielding.
Electrons in the outer energy levels are more shielded, and they don’t experience the full attractiveness of the nucleus and they tend to “stray” further, making the radius larger.

8. Trends in Atomic Radius Continued…
Period Trends
As you go from left to right across the period, the nuclear charge increases, but the shielding does not.
The nucleus gets stronger, and all electrons in the period feel the same “draw” toward the nucleus.

9. We can explain trends in ionization energy and electronegativity in the same way.

10. Ionization Energy The amount of energy required to remove an electron
A high ionization energy means a lot of energy is required to remove an electron
First ionization energy = the amount of energy required to remove the first electron
Second ionization energy = the amount of energy required to remove the second electron (after the first has already been removed)

11. Trends in First Ionization Energy
As you go from the top of a group to the bottom, 1st ionization energy decreases (It gets easier to remove 1 e-).
As you go from the left of the period to the right, 1st ionization energy increases (It gets harder to remove 1 e-).

12. Trends in Ionization Energy Explained
Group Trends
From the top of a group to the bottom of a group, the number of protons increases, but so does the number of energy levels. Nuclear charge increases, but so does shielding.
Electrons in the outer energy levels are more shielded, and they don’t experience the full attractiveness of the nucleus so it is easier to pull them away from the nucleus.

13. Explanation of Trends in Ionization Energy Continued…
Period Trends
As you go from left to right across the period, the nuclear charge increases, but the shielding does not.
The nucleus gets stronger and electrons are held more tightly, making them harder to remove.

14. Comparing first, second and third ionization energies
Not only is it useful to analyze trends in first ionization energy, but we can use differences in first, second and third ionization energies to predict the kind of ion an ion will form

15. Some values for elements of the third period are given in the following table:
1st ionization energy (kJ/mole)
2nd ionization energy (kJ/mole)
3rd ionization energy
(kJ/mole)
4th ionization energy
Sodium
496
4,560
6,912
Magnesium
738
1,450
7,730
10,542
Aluminum
577
1,816
2881
11,600
Large jumps in the successive molar ionization energies occur when passing noble gas configurations. For example, as can be seen in the table above, the first two molar ionization energies of magnesium (stripping the two 3s electrons from a magnesium atom) are much smaller than the third, which requires stripping off a 2p electron from the very stable neon configuration of Mg2+.

16. Identify which unknown element is Lithium and which is Beryllium
Practice
Identify which unknown element is Lithium and which is Beryllium
1st ionization energy (kJ/mole)
2nd ionization energy (kJ/mole)
3rd ionization energy
(kJ/mole)
Unknown A
520
7,297
11,810
Unknown B
899
1,757
14,840

17. Electronegativity
The ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself
Only measured when the atom is combined in a compound
Linus Pauling was the first to define and measure electronegativity. The units are named after him and range from Paulings

18. Trends in Electronegativity
As you go from the top of a group to the bottom, electronegativity decreases.
As you go from the left of the period to the right, electronegativity increases.

19. Trends in Electronegativity Explained
Group Trends
From the top of a group to the bottom of a group, the number of protons increases, but so does the number of energy levels. Nuclear charge increases, but so does shielding.
Electrons in the outer energy levels are more shielded, and they aren’t as attracted to the nucleus.

20. Explanation of Trends in Electronegativity Continued…
Period Trends
As you go from left to right across the period, the nuclear charge increases, but the shielding does not.
The nucleus gets stronger and it is better able to attract electrons
Note: electronegativity of the Noble gases can not be measured.

21. Based on these trends… 1) What do you expect to be the most reactive metal? 2) What do you expect to be the most reactive nonmetal? (Hint: What do metals do to react? How do you measure that? What is the trend in that property? Hint what do nonmetals do to react? How do you measure that? What is the trend in that property?)