1. Setting the Stage for US Wars in Iraq & Afghanistan

2. Background Created at the end of WWI Treaty of Versailles
Combined 3 ethic groups
Kurds (North)
Sunni’s (Central)
Shia (South)

3. Government British established a Monarchy
1958: The Kings assassination brings a military dictatorship
1968: Ba’ath Party takes control by assassination
Secularism
Pan-Arabism
Socialism

4. Saddam Hussein Gained power in Ba’ath Party as an assassin
2nd in command when Ba’ath Party took control
Became Dictator in 1979
Authoritarian control:
Define:

5. Iran- Iraq War 1980-1988 Saddam uses Chemical weapons
Even against the Kurds in his own nation
1 million people die
Saddam has 4th largest Army in the world
Low on money from war

6. Aug. 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait
Invades Kuwait/ places troops on Said Arabian border
Saudi Arabia asks U.N. for protection
U.N. –led by U.S.- sent troops to Saudi Arabia
President Bush sets Jan as deadline for Iraq to leave Kuwait
Iraq ignores the date

7. Persian Gulf War
Jan. 16th 1991: U.S. begins bombing forces in Kuwait and in Iraq
Feb. 23- U.N. forces invade Kuwait
March 3 Iraq signs cease fire
Iraq agrees to:
No biological/ chemical/ nuclear weapons
Open to U.N. weapons inspections
No fly zones (to protect Kurdish, Shia Iraqi’s)

8. Persian Gulf War Results
22,000 Iraqi Dead
148 U.S. Dead
In return for the United Nations stopping its attack, Saddam agreed to the following:
Chemical / Biological Inspections
No-Fly Zones

9. Osama Bin Laden
Son of a wealthy Saudi Arabian Construction family (Billions)
Outraged over US presence on “Holy Soil” (Saudi Arabia). Protested against the government.
Also points to US support of Israel
Banished from Saudi Arabia
Moves to Sudan, then Afghanistan

10. Background 1992: Osama Bin Laden is banned from Saudi Arabia
Criticizes government for allowing U.S. forces onto Muslim soil
Goes to Sudan
1996: The Taliban takes over Afghanistan
1996: Under pressure from the US, Bin Laden is kicked out of Sudan
Welcomed by the Taliban
Operates Terrorists training centers for Al-Qaeda

11. Bin Laden in Afghanistan
1980’s: Fights to kick Russia out of Afghanistan
US helps with money and weapons then leaves
Forms Al-Queda to fight against “evil” and spread fundamentalist Islam

12. Bin Laden Attacks America Somalia - 1993
18 Killed

13. World Trade Center Bombing 1993
6 Killed

14. Bombing of U.S. Embassies in Tanzania & Kenya -1998
Over 200 Killed

15. Bombing of the USS Cole - 2000
17 Killed

16. September 11, 2001 3,057 Americans killed
Largest attack on American soil in almost 200 years
President Bush vows that the attackers will pay
Suspicion goes to Al-Qaeda
They soon take credit for the attack

17. September 11th 2001
3057 Killed

19. 19 Hijackers
15 from Saudi Arabia
2 from Egypt
1 each from United Arab Emirates and Lebanon

20. Afghanistan
A Brief History

21. History Has been invaded many times: Persians from (modern day) Iran
327 BC 150BC: Alexander the Great
Kushans 0 AD  700 AD
~ 700 AD: Muslims (Sunni) take over
1220: Genghis Khan
1505: Mogul Dynasty
1738: Persians
: The British try to take over
: They try again
: Russia invades
History

22. Effect of Invasions Diverse population of 29 million people
Dozens of ethnic groups
Hundreds of tribes
Many Afghans identify with their tribe first
Then their ethnic group
Few major cities
Most scattered though out small villages/ hamlets
Very difficult to bring together under one government
Effect of Invasions

23. Recent History of Fundamentalist Islam in Afghanistan
1979 The Soviet Union Invades
10 years of fighting
A worldwide call goes out to declare Jihad (struggle)
Muslims across the world rush to remove the invaders of a Muslim nation
They form the Mujahideen

24. Mujahideen An army of Muslim fighters of Jihad defending Islam
Made up of Muslims from around the world (including Osama Bin Laden)
Assisted by the United State’s CIA to remove the Soviet Union ($, weapons, training)

25. 1989: The Soviets Retreat The United States then removes aid
Leaves a gap for who is going to run the country
The Mujahideen break up into groups fighting for control
The Civil War rips apart the country even more than the Soviet Invasion
1996: The Taliban take control of Afghanistan

26. Fundamentalist Islamic group who believes that the religion of Islam should be the government
Began during the Civil War as a group to fight road thieves.
Brutal fighters
They bring order to Afghanistan through strict religious rules
Most Afghans welcome the end of the wars at first.
The Taliban

27. Taliban Law Sharia (Islamic) Laws…No: Education or sports for women TV
Movies
Videos
Music
Dancing
Clapping during sports events
Kite flying
Beard trimming

28. Bush Doctrine
Bush Doctrine: The United States will attack first against any nation that poses a threat to the security of the United States or its allies

29. The Ultimatum
President Bush informed the Taliban that they must turn over Bin Laden to the US or they will face the consequences.
The United States will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them,“
The Taliban offers to try Bin Laden in their court according to Shiria Law – refused
Taliban offered to hand Bin Laden to a third country for trial under Shiria Law - Refused

30. October 2001: America attacks Operation Enduring Freedom
Massive air bombings
January 2002: Ground troops are sent into Afghanistan.
Britain joins with the US
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) follows:
Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Poland, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Denmark and 34 other nations.

31. Goals Capture Osama Bin Laden Remove Taliban from power
Disband Al-Qaeda / prevent their operation in Afghanistan

32. Initial Results US forces overwhelm the Taliban
Taliban is removed from power
Al-Qaeda camps destroyed
Osama Bin Laden on the run
Life changes for those in US controlled areas

33. The Hunt for Bin Laden
Osama Bin Laden runs to the mountain region called Tora Bora
Cave Complex
Area is bombed
Special Forces sent to area with Afghan guides
More troops requested- refused
US policy focused on major cities
Afghan guides turn on US troops
Bin Laden escapes to Pakistan

34. Pakistan Government is allied with US Population is divided
Some areas support anti-US movements
The border areas are now controlled by Taliban/ Al-Qaeda
Most attacks against US troops staged out of Pakistan
Government refuses to allow US troops to enter Pakistan

35. 2003: US Goes to War in Iraq Resources dedicated to Iraq End of 2003:
13,900 troops in Afghanistan
140,000 troops in Iraq
Taliban begins to re-conquer areas they lost

36. Strategy Small outposts spread throughout Afghanistan Designed to:
Prevent return of Al-Qaeda
Remove Taliban influence in area
Patrol area towns
Fight the Taliban
Provide services to the people

37. Guerilla Warfare No uniformed combatants Hit and run tactics Effect:
Improvised Explosive Device (IEDS)
Ambush
Then mix with population
Effect:
Frustration
Who’s the enemy?
Increased civilians killed (collateral damage)

38. Afghanistan Government
President Karzai elected 2004
Corrupt government
Turns many toward Taliban for stability
2009 election
Abdullah Abdullah challenges the President
Nov President Karzai wins
Corrupt election
Anger increases

39. After 8 Years of War
Troops in Iraq have been reduced (staying out of major cities)
100,000 troops in Afghanistan
Increased violence
Taliban gaining power in areas
US casualties growing
1455 Dead
9256 Wounded

40. President Obama’s Decision
Leave Afghanistan
Keep the status as-is
Increase troops (as requested)
What would you do? Why?
What would the consequences be?

41. Decision Send additional troops Conditions:
Goals
train an Afghan army and police force
Afghan government to provide increased services
Conditions:
President Karzai must work to eliminate corruption
400,000 trained soldiers and police
Timeline: Begin Removing troops July 2011

42. Challenges to President Obama’s Plan
Corruption of President Karzai’s government
Need to recruit and train 400,000 Afghan soldiers
Corrupt
Bringing the countryside within the government
Pakistan