1. Today’s Class Objectives: 1.Create an analysis of Russia’s current government to determine if it is a “democratic.” 2. Using 21 st century technology, you will access internet sites to demonstrate knowledge of Russia’s current political and economic system. November 19, 2013 Do NOT retrieve your laptop!

2. Today’s Class Objectives: “ 1.You will analyze a reading to evaluate whether the fall was inevitable. 2.Determine if Russia has a viable democracy by analyzing two readings. [assigned] to answer that question. [ April 22 2015

3. Today’s Class Objectives: “A coup in November 1917 resulted in the creation of the U.S.S.R., which a “failed coup in 1991 led to its downfall.” 1.You will analyze this statement and determine whether the fall of the U.S.S.R. was inevitable. 2.Determine if Russia has a viable democracy by analyzing two readings. [assigned] to answer that question. [ April 22 2015

4. Today’s Class Objectives: 1.Evaluate whether the fall of the Soviet Union was inevitable by reviewing the timeline of events researched in previous class. 2.Research the crisis in the Ukraine to determine why is Ukraine experiencing so much political unrest, what role Russia, Europe and the United States play in this turmoil November 2014 Retrieve your laptop, BUT DO NOT SIGN ON!

5. By the end of class, you will be able to answer the following two questions: 1.Was the Collapse of the U.S.S.R. due to similar causes as the Revolutions of 1917? 2. Was this collapse inevitable?

6. U.S.S.R. after WWII ? The Soviet Union and the United States were involved in a Cold War. Each tried to increase its worldwide influence. The Soviet Union extended its power over much of Eastern Europe By the 1960s, it appeared that communism was permanently established in Eastern Europe. During the 1960s and 1970s, the Soviet Union’s Communist leadership kept tight control over the Soviet people. ….BUT, BIG CHANGES, INCLUDING DEMOCRATIC REFORMS,WERE ON THE HORIZON.REVIEW

7. The Collapse of the Soviet Union And the world watched with wonder … Complete the outline – you may use it on your Note quiz when we finish this review.

8. Eastern Bloc Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 15 Republics 15 Republics : Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan 7 Satellite Countries: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia Stalin manipulated elections after WWII –Communists won all elections! U.S.S.R. The Soiet Bloc How did they become communist?

9. Military Strength Arms Race Ideological Differences Democratic Capitalism v. Totalitarian Communism Technological Ambitions Space Race What do you remember? DAY 1:

10. Rulers of U.S.S.R.  Lenin  Stalin  Khrushchev –  …lost face and his job with the failure of the Cuban Missile Crisis  Brezhnev – Brezhnev Doctrineforce  “Brezhnev Doctrine”—use force to keep the satellites nations under communist control Intervened in Hungary Intervened in Czechoslovakia repressive at home – “Stalin-like” RedArmy  …two rulers---short span Gorbechev  Gorbechev What political body selected Soviet leaders after Stalin?POLITBURO Who followed Brezhnew? Timeline

11. BACK Why is this incorrect?

12. Was the Collapse of the U.S.S.R. Due to Force?   The Cold War cost more than $11 trillion.   But the collapse of the Soviet Union and its satellites was not a result of force.   No NATO tank fired a shot.   No bomb fell on the Kremlin. No! How did it happen? Was it inevitable?

13. A Home-Grown Insurgency , home-grown insurgency, led by a number of different participants, contributed  Instead, a massive, home-grown insurgency, led by a number of different participants, contributed to the collapse:   Workers   Dissident intellectuals   Advocates of national self-determination   Reformers In what year?

14. ASSIGNMENT! Directions on my webpage [Hard copy also vailable].

15. Polish Trade Union: Solidarity .  The downfall began in 1980 when striking Polish workers organized Solidarity, an independent trade union of nearly 10 million members.

16. Support from Catholic Church   Solidarity had strong support from the powerful Polish Catholic Church .  They demonstrated how a working-class movement could offer an entire nation moral and political leadership.

17. Solidarity’s Chairman: Lech Wale sa   The Polish military drove Solidarity underground in 1981.   However, in 1983, Solidarity’s chairman, Lech Walesa, won the Nobel peace prize.   In 1990, Walesa would be the first freely elected president of the Polish nation in more than sixty years! What happened to Solidarity? Brezhnev’s orders Brezhnev Doctrine

18. The Gorbachev Revolution   Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985 as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU),   He recognized that the Soviet Union could not remain politically and economically isolated from the rest of the world [Cold War] – Soviet system had to be changed if it was to survive. – and that the Soviet system had to be changed if it was to survive.

19. The Objective: Survival  Gorbachev knew that the Soviet Union would have to change if it was to survive.   Central planning in a modern industrial economy brought many inefficiencies.   The factory management system provided little incentive to make technological improvements and every incentive to hide factory capacities to ensure low quotas   The socialist farm system was inefficient – there were poor worker incentives and storage and transportation problems.   The Soviet State could no longer afford the high defense spending that accompanied the Cold War. HAD TO GO!!! The old ways….

20. Gorbachev's Five-Point Plan  The key pieces to Gorbachev's plan for the survival of the Soviet Union were a series of reforms: 1. Glasnost (openness) – greater freedom of expression 2. Perestroika (restructuring) – de-centralization of the Soviet economy with gradual market reforms 3. Renounce [end] the Brezhnev Doctrine armed intervention where socialism was threatened) and the pursuit of arms control agreements …stop armed intervention where socialism was threatened) and the pursuit of arms control agreements …stop 4 Reform of the KGB (secret service) 5 Reform of the Communist Pa rty Democratization - slowly

21. Insistent Calls for Change  He believed that his reforms were necessary and used his leadership and power to attempt to implement them.  The policy of glasnost (openness) made it possible for people to more freely criticize the government's policies.  When people realized it was safe to speak out, the calls for became more insistent.  When people realized it was safe to speak out, the calls for change became more insistent. What do you think people spoke out about?

22. Reforms Were Too Slow  It failed to keep pace with the people's demands for consumer goods  The Soviet Union was suffering a deterioration of economic and social conditions and a fall in the GNP. Command Economy – had to change too!

23. Party Reforms a Failure   His attempts to reform the Communist Party were a failure.   Change was too slow to keep pace with events   He was continually hampered by his need to give in to the hard-liners in order to retain power.

24. Release from Soviet Domination   He ended the use of the Brezhnev Doctrine (armed intervention in support of socialism) released the Eastern European states from Soviet domination.   The communist rulers of these states could not survive without the support of the Soviet Union. The Brezhnev Doctrine was started n 1968 when the Soviet army occupied Czechoslovakia RESULT?

26. Reagan’s Brandenburg Gate Speech  President Ronald Reagan called upon Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall:  "In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards... Even today, the Soviet Union cannot feed itself. The inescapable conclusion is that freedom is the victor. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”

27. President Reagan giving a speech at the Berlin Wall, Brandenburg Gate, Federal Republic of Germany. June 12, 1987

28. Wave of Demonstrations   Beginning in September 1989, a wave of huge demonstrations shook Communist regimes across eastern Europe.   A massive tide of East German emigrants surged through Czechoslovakia and Hungary to the West, undermining the authority of the Communist hard-liners who still clung to power in East Germany.

29. A tram is blocked by East German demonstrators in the center of the city in October 1989. Their banner reads: 'Legalization of opposition parties, free democratic elections, free press and independent unions.'

30. The Wall Came Down   Finally, on the night of November 9, 1989, ordinary Germans poured through the Berlin Wall.   Communist East Germany quickly disintegrated,   By the end of 1990, all of East Germany had been incorporated into the wealthy, powerful Federal Republic of Germany.

31. Impact in Eastern Europe  Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Bulgaria  Communist governments in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Bulgaria either tumbled or underwent reform.  Romania  The Communist dictatorship in Romania fell after a week of bloody street battles between ordinary citizens and police, who defended the old order to the bitter end.

32. The Rise of Nationalism   After Berlin….   With the iron grip of the centralized Soviet state relaxed  and  nationalism in the 15 republics [U.S.S.R.] surged and separatist movements threatened the very existence of the Soviet Union.

33. Radical Change   Radical change finally reached the Soviet heartland in August 1991   Old time “hard-liners” tried to gain control of citizens in Moscow – with tanks, army…   Failed! –the army joined the Russian people! At first…. … they wanted to force a “coup” - end Gorbechev’s reign and go back to the old times—totalitarian control! Result?…. U.S.S.R. collapses! Impact in the U.S.S.R.?

34. Independent Republics   The Communist party quickly collapsed,   The Soviet Union began the painful and uncertain process of reorganizing itself as a loose Confederation of Independent State s [CIS]

35. Rulers of U.S.S.R.  Lenin  Stalin  Khrushchev  Brezhnev  …two rulers---short span Gorbechev  Gorbechev  Boris Yeltsin  Vladimir Putin  Dmitry Medvedev  Vladimir Putin [again!] –current ruler since 2012 since 2012 Presidents of Russia since Gorbechev: Who was his Prime Minister?

36. Boris Yeltsin   Boris Yeltsin, who headed the Russian Republic, replaced Gorbachev as president of a much- diminished state.  What happened to Gorbachev?   Gorbachev found that there “was no Soviet Union to lead” and retired into private life. Time magazine's July 15, 1996, issue, featured a 10-page spread about a squad of U.S. political pros who "clandestinely participated in guiding Yeltsin's campaign.“ What was the largest of the 15 Republics?

37. Nobel Peace Prize  Gorbachev won the 1989 Nobel Peace Prize. He brought a peaceful end to the cold war, and dramatic change to his country's economy, though not in the way he intended.

38. The End of the Cold War   The Cold War was over,  not by the missiles and tanks  --- brought to a close not by the missiles and tanks   but by the collective courage and willpower of ordinary men and women !

39. Ronald Reagan’s Role  In the United States, partisans of Ronald Reagan claimed much of the credit for ending the Cold War.  Reagan's frank denunciation of the Soviet Union as an “evil empire," along with his administration's military buildup, were said to have inspired eastern bloc dissidents, while at the same time the arms race exhausted the productive capacity of the Soviet Union and other inefficient Communist regimes.

40. Lech Walesa's SOLIDARITY Gorbachev’s REFORMS John Paul II’s CATHOLIC CHURCH Glasnost Ronald Reagan’s FOREIGN POLICY No Brezhnev Doctrine Perestroika Reform KGB Reform Comm Party EVIL EMPIRE Speech MILITARY BUILDUP ARMS RACE East German NATIONALISM The Collapse of the Soviet Union and the End of the Cold War Ordinary MEN & WOMEN WILL POWER COURAGE Eastern Bloc Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

41. Remaining Communist Countries  peak  At its peak, communism was practiced in dozens of countries:  Soviet Union: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan  Asian Countries: Afghanistan, Cambodia, Mongolia, and Yemen  Soviet Controlled Eastern bloc countries : Bulgaria, Czech Republic, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia.  The Balkans: Albania, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Sloveni a.  Africa: Angola, Benin, Congo, Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, and Mozambique. Currently only a handful of countries identified as communist remain: North Korea, China, and Cuba.

42. Gradual opening of the political system Election of new group of lawmakers Communist Party no longer chose all candidates. “economic re- structuring” Managers of farms and factories could make more decisions on their own People could open small private businesses BUT, tried to preserve communism = “openness” Churches opened Political prisoners released Banned authors allowed to publish books Okay for reporters to criticize officials GlosnostPerestoikaDemocratization

43. Gradual opening of the political system Election of new group of lawmakers Communist Party no longer chose all candidates. “economic re- structuring” Managers of farms and factories could make more decisions on their own People could open small private businesses Tried to preserve communism = “openness” Churches opened Political prisoners released Banned authors allowed to publish books Okay for reporters to criticize officials GlosnostPerestoikaDemocratization