1. NANOTECHNOLOGY
Filip Lalin,3.A

2. CONTENTS About History and origin of nanotechnology Approaches
Applications of nanotechnology

3. WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
Nanotechnology (shorter "nanotech”) is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 1oo nanometers.
A nanometer is one billionth of a meter.
The width of three or four atoms.

5. HISTORY
2000 Years Ago - Sulfide nanocrystals used by Greeks and Romans to dye hair.
1000 Years Ago – Gold nanoparticles of different sizes used to produce different colors in stained glass windows.
1959 – The first concept discussed by renowned physicist Richard Feynman in his talk There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom.
1974 – „Nanotechnology” – Norio Taniguchi uses the term nanotechnology for the first time.
1981 – IBM develops Scanning Tunneling Microscope.
1985 – „Bucky ball” – Scientists at Rice university and University of Sussex discover C60.
K. Eric Drexler independently used the term "nanotechnology" in his 1986 book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology
1991 – Carbon nanotube discovered by Sumio Lijima
„BUCKY BALL”

6. NANOTUBE
A nanotube is a nanometer-scale tube-like structure. It may refer to:
Carbon nanotube
Silicon nanotube
Boron nitride nanotube
Inorganic nanotube
DNA nanotube
Membrane nanotube
Buckminsterfullerene C60, also known as the „buckyball”, is a representative member of the carbon structures known as fullerenes.

7. APPROACHES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Top-down approach
Bottom-up approach

8. TOP-DOWN APPROACH
These seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly.
Usually top-down approach is used less then bottom-up approach
Solid-state silicon methods.
They can create features smaller than 100 nm.
This device transfers energy from nano-thin layers of quantum wells to nanocrystals above them, causing the nanocrystals to emit visible light.

9. BOTTOM-UP APPROACH
Assembling nano materials atom – by – atom or molecule – by – molecule (self assembling).
This approach is much cheaper.
Things become much larger.
Examples of molecule self assembly are Watson–Crick basepairing and nano-lithoghraphy.

10. APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

11. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE
Medical use of nanomaterials:
Drug delivery
Cancer
Surgery
Tissue engineering
Visualization

12. DRUG DELIVERY (CANCER)
Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely the right location in body.
Drug is attached to a nanosized carrier.
Side-effects can be lowered significantly.
Reduces cost and human suffering.
Cancer treatment with iron nanoparticles or gold shells.
Current treatment is throught radiationtherapy or chemotherapy.

13. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE
ANTI –MICROBIAL TECHNIQUES
Nanoparticle cream
Nanocapsules
Cell repairs using nanorobots

14. A schematic illustration showing how nanoparticles or other cancer drugs might be used to treat cancer.

15. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS
WAYS OF IMPROVEMENT:
Allowing more transistors to be packed into a single chip.
Allows a higher electron mobility .
A higher dielectric constant (faster frequency).
Single electron transistors.
Using electrodes made from nanowires.
Using nanosized magnetic rings.

16. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN COMPUTERS
Computer processors are more powerful.
Ultra high density memories.
Silcon transistors are replaced by transistors based on carbon nanotubes.
Size of the microprocessors are reduced to greater extend
Memristor -material as a future replacement of Flash memory.

18. TEXTILE Increased elasticity and strength,and bacterial resistance
Nanofabrics gives ordinary materials advantageous properties such as superhydrophobicity (extreme water resistance)

19. ENERGY
Creating devices smaller than 100 nanometers gives us new ways to capture, store, and transfer energy.
Increased efficiency of lighting and heating
Increased electrical storage capacity
A decrease in the amount of pollution from the use of energy.

20. SPORTS
Reducing the rate which air leaks from tennis balls so they keep their bounce longer.
Golf balls to fly straighter.
Bowling balls become more durable and have a harder surface.

21. FOOD
Nanotechnology is having an impact from how food is grown to how it is packed
Companies are developing nanomaterials that will make a difference not only in taste of food,but also in safety
Zinc oxide nanoparticles can be incorporated into plastic packing to block UV rays and provide anti bacterial protection
Improved strength and stability of plastic packing