1. Blood Typing
Honors Biology
Powerpoint #3

2. What is in blood? 4) Red Blood Cells 1) White blood cells 2) Platelets
3) Plasma
4) Red Blood Cells
• Carry oxygen throughout body
• Determine blood type

4. Blood Typing Genotypes
Up to this point, we have talked about only 2 alleles for any gene (for example A or a)
In human blood types, there are 3 alleles:
A, B and O
This is called multiple alleles

5. Blood Typing Genotypes
Some rules in blood typing:
I is dominant to i
There are 6 possible genotypes, and 4 phenotypes
IAIA and IAi = blood type A
IBIB and IBi = blood type B
IAIB = blood type AB
ii = blood type O

6. What does your blood type mean?
Different blood types have different SURFACE PROTEINS on their
RED BLOOD CELLS

7. Glycoproteins on the surface of cells help identify “self”
The pattern of sugars that are attached is determined by a gene

8. Type A (IAIA and Iai) An A allele (IA) tells the cell to put
“A” glycoproteins
on its surface

9. Type B (IBIB and Ibi) An B allele (IB) tells the cell to put
different “B” glycoproteins
on its surface

10. Type O (ii) An O allele (i) tells the cell NOT to put A or B
glycoproteins
on its surface

11. Type AB (IAIB) A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH A and B
glycoproteins on its surface

12. ANTIBODIES are specialized proteins that are part of your immune system. They react to, and attempt to destroy, ‘foreign’ invaders. Usually determined by their glycoproteins.
Glycoproteins on the surface
of cells that cause an
immune reaction are called
ANTIGENS

13. How Antigens & Antibodies Interact
If you are blood type “A”, you have:
“A” Antigens AND “B” Antibodies
If you add ANTI-A (antibody A)
to cells with “A” glycoproteins on their surface, it causes them to
clump together
= ________________________
AGGLUTINATION

14. Healthy blood cells vs Agglutinated cells

15. How Antigens & Antibodies Interact
Adding ANTI-A
antibodies to cells
with B glycoproteins
on their surface
causes NO REACTION

16. BLOOD TYPES NO
YES
YES NO
Will ANTI-A react?

17. BLOOD TYPES NO NO
YES
YES
Will ANTI-B react?

18. Blood Types A IAIA IAi B A, AB A, O IBIB IBi B, AB B, O AB IAIB A & B
Phenotype
Possible Genotypes
Antigens
Antibodies
Can give blood to
Can get blood from A
IAIA
IAi B
A, AB
A, O
IBIB
IBi
B, AB
B, O AB
IAIB
A & B
None
A, B, AB, O O ii

19. The A,B,O SYSTEM IS NOT THE ONLY ONE
Blood can also be Rh+ (positive) or Rh-(negative)

20. Rh Factor
The Rh factor describes another surface protein on the RBC. It is named after the Rhesus monkey, where it was initially identified
If your blood does contain the Rh protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+)
If your blood does NOT contain the Rh protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-)

21. Rh Factor
Similar to ABO blood types, an Rh- person may have the Rh antibody.
Therefore, Rh+ individuals can give blood only to other Rh+, but Rh- can give blood to both Rh+ and Rh-
So, O- is the ultimate donor!

22. BLOOD TYPES NO
YES
Will ANTI-Rh react?

23. You can determine the blood type of a cell by seeing which ANTIBODY it reacts with
Add 1 drop of person’s blood to each well
Add 10uL ANTI-A serum to A well
Add 10uL of ANTI-B serum to B well
Add 10uL of ANTI-Rh to Rh well

24. You are looking for blood agglutination
Type A will clump in well A
Type B will clump in well B
Type AB will clump in both well A & B
Type O will NOT clump in A or B
Rh+ will clump in Rh well

25. Blood Typing Game