1. Chapter 6 Protein Function : Enzymes Part 1

2. Enzymes – Physiological significance of enzymes – Catalytic power of enzymes – Chemical mechanisms of catalysis – Mechanism of chymotrypsin – Description of enzyme kinetics and inhibition Enzyme Learning Goals: to Know

3. Enzymes Mostly Proteins (a few RNA’s are capable of catalysis) Active Site: Substrate Binding + Reaction  Products Some require Cofactors (metals) or Coenzymes (organic cpds) Some enzymes have other binding sites…involved in regulation, we will see later, Part 2 EOC Problem 1 involves the sweetness of corn affected by corn enzymes and Problem 2 calculates the average molar concentration of enzymes in a bacterial cell: you can take it further to find the number of molecules of each enzyme present in a cell.

6. First Cell Free Prep First to Crystallize Urease Weak bonding at active site results in catalysis Enzyme Pioneers

7. Why biocatalysis over inorganic catalysts? Greater reaction specificity: avoids side products Milder reaction conditions: conducive to conditions in cells Higher reaction rates: in a biologically useful timeframe Capacity for regulation: control of biological pathways Metabolites have many potential pathways of decomposition Enzymes make the desired one most favorable EOC Problem 4: Examines the thermal protection of hexokinase that a substrate brings to the table: maintaining conformation under harsh conditions. Later in Part 2 of this chapter we will see X ray data backing this up.

8. Enzymatic Substrate Selectivity: Phenylalanine hydroxylase No binding Binding but no reaction

9. Class Is the First Part of E.C. Number EC 2.7.1.1 = ATP:glucose phosphotransferase or Hexokinase 2 = Transferase 7 = Phosphotransferase 1 = Transferred to a hydroxyl 1 = Glucose is the acceptor

10. Enzyme Search By Class FMNH 2 + O 2 + RCHO  FMN + RCOOH + H 2 O + light Bacterial Luciferase Rxn

11. Continuing with the EC Numbers-1

12. Continuing with EC Numbers-2

13. NiceZyme

14. Enzyme with an Active Site Chymotrypsin Active Site

15. Thermodynamics of a Reaction S + E  ES  E + P

16. Enzyme Catalyzed Reaction E + S ↔ ES ↔ EP ↔ E + P

18. EOC Problem 3: A rate enhancement problem using Urease, the enzyme that converts: Urea  CO 2 + 2 NH 3. The calculation demonstrates how long it would take if urease were not present !

19. Dihydrofolate Reductase Substrate Binds in a Fold or Pocket ΔG B = binding energy Folic Acid NADP +  +

20. Enzyme Reactions Bind Substrate then Change Shape to Transition State

22. Triose Phosphate Isomerase Terribly Slow rate with Glyceraldehyde…phosphate important in stabilizing binding.

23. Rate Enhancement Due to Proximity (Entropy Reduction)

24. Acid/Base Catalysis

25. Catalytic Mechanisms – acid-base catalysis: give and take protons – covalent catalysis: change reaction paths – metal ion catalysis: use redox cofactors, pK a shifters – electrostatic catalysis: preferential interactions with Transition State.

26. Acid Base Catalysis – Involve Proteins R groups

27. Formation of a Covalent Intermediate

28. Michaelis Menten Curve

29. Michaelis Menten Equation: V max [S] K m + [S] v o = L. Michaelis and Miss Maud L. Menten. 1913. "Die Kinetik der Invertinwerkung" Biochemische Zeitschrift Vol. 49. Invertase Reaction: sucrose + H 2 O  glucose + fructose

31. Michaelis Menten Experiment Measure Rate (v) at several concentrations of Substrate (S) Here is one tube with one beginning concentration of S Calculate Δ[S]/min or Δ[P]/min. S  P E This enzyme, triosephosphate isomerase is a one substrate, one product enzyme.

32. Michaelis Menten Experiment: Real Data At each [S], the concentration of enzyme is exactly the SAME. Calculate Δ[S]/min for each [S] EOC Problem 6 is about using 340nm light to measure dehydrogenase reactions…the classic lactate dehydrogenase. Do this at more concentrations of S to get a larger data set used for 

33. Initial Velocites are the Dashed Line A

34. Michaelis Menten Plot

35. Michaelis Menten Equation is Non-Linear Straightened Out by reciprocals…Lineweaver Burke Equation: 1/v o = (K M /V max )(1/[S]) + 1/V max the Equation of a Straight Line y = mx + b Thus, y = 1/v o, x = 1/[S] and m (the slope) = K M /V max Lets Plot this Out…next slide V max [S] K M + [S] v o =

36. Lineweaver-Burke Plot Double Reciprocal Origin is Zero Data Points are in this range

37. There Are Other Equations to Convert the Michaelis Menten Equation to a Straight Line Eadie Hofstie v = -Km(v/S) + V max Hanes Wolf: S/v = (1/V max )(S) + Km/V max all are y = mx + b

38. K M = is an Intrinsic Property of an enzyme What does this mean? Intrinsic vs Extrinsic?

39. V max is an Extrinsic Property of Enzymes At a high [S], varying only the enzyme conc :

40. k cat comes from V max and [Enz] V max is [molar]/sec [Enz] in molar To get an Intrinsic Catalytic Constant from V max k cat = V max / [Enz]

41. k cat /K m

42. Calculation of Km and Vmax The enzyme, Practicase Studentose  Productate Studentose, mM velocity, μmoles/ml/sec 112 220 429 835 1240 Assay volume = 1 ml/tube What’s in the tube: buffer + enzyme, then add substrate at time Zero. EOC Problems 11(dead easy to do by inspection) and 13 to do by Lineweaver Burke plot

43. Calculation of Km and Vmax Studentose, mM 1/[S] Velocity, 1/v μmoles/ml/sec 1 112 0.083 2 0.520 0.050 4 0.2529 0.034 8 0.12535 0.029 12 0.08340 0.025 Now Plot this on Lineweaver Burk Plot….remember Zero is near the middle of the graph!

44. Lineweaver Burke Plot of Practicase 1 1/

45. Practicase k cat = an Intrinsic Property In the enzyme assay (one ml), each tube had 10 μg of practicase. The molecular weight of practicase is 20,000 D. Thus, each tube had 10 μg / 20,000 μg/μmole = 0.0005 μmole practicase k cat = V max / [Enz] = (50 μmole/sec)/ 0.0005 μmole = 1 x 10 5 s -1 Thus one enzyme reaction takes 1/ 1x 10 5 s -1 = 10 -5 sec or 10 μ sec.

46. What is Wrong with this L-B graph?

48. Things to Know and Do Before Class 1.Principles of catalysis. 2.Enzyme naming concepts. 3.Intrinsic and Extrinsic values of Enzyme kinetics. 4.Be able to do a Michaelis Menten graph. 5.Be able to do a Lineweaver Burke graph. 6.To do EOC problems 1-6, 11, 13.