1. Atrial Septal Defect Seoul National University Hospital
Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery

2. Atrial Septal Defect 1. Definition 2. History
A hole of variable size in the atrial septum.
A patent foramen ovale functionally closed is excluded.
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connections may
occur as isolated lesion or in combination with ASD.
2. History
Roesler : ASD diagnosed during life in 1934.
Bedford : Diagnosis of ASD clinically in 1941.
Winslow : Description of PAPVC in 1739.
Murray : External suture of ASD in 1948.
Lewis & Taufic : 1st open repair with inflow stasis
and cooling in
Gibbon : 1st open heart surgery in 1953.

3. Composition of Atrial Septum
1. Thick superior portion derived from infolded atrial
roof that forms the secondary atrial septum of the
embryo, this terminates in the superior limbic bands.
2. Thin lower portion derived from the septum primum
which extends superiorly and to the left of the limbus.
The lower edge of the septum primum normally fuses
with developing endocardial cushions.

4. Atrial Septal Defect Pathophysiology
Atrial septal defects permit left-to-right shunting, increasing pulmonary blood flow.
Over time, the increased pulmonary overcirculation leads pulmonary vascular occlusive disease, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular failure, and the atrial arrhythmias.

5. Anatomy of Right Atrium

6. ASD . Surgical Pathology

7. Atrial Septal Defect Types Posterior defect Ostium primum defect
Fossa ovalis defect (ostium secundum defect)
Posterior defect
Ostium primum defect
Coronary sinus defect
Subcaval defect (sinus venosus defect ,
superior vena caval defect)
Confluent ASD

8. Types of Atrial Septal Defect

9. ASD . Gross Morphology

10. ASD. Secundum, Large

11. ASD. Secundum, Multiple

12. ASD. Secundum

13. ASD. Sinus Venosus Type

14. ASD. Sinus Venosus Type

15. ASD. Sinus Venosus Type

16. Pericardial Patch Closure ASD. Sinus Venosus Type

17. Types of PAPVC 1. Sinus venosus malformation (syndrome)
2. Right superior pulmonary vein to SVC
without superior caval ASD
3. Rt. PVs to Rt. atrium with or without ASD
4. Rt. PVs to IVC (Scimitar syndrome)
5. Rare connections of Rt. PVs
6. Anomalous Lt. PV connections
7. Bilateral partial anomalous PV connection

18. Pathophysiology of PAPVC
One or more, but not all, all the pulmonary veins drain into the right atrium or its venous tributaries ; ASDs are commonly associated.
This anomaly results in a left-to-right shunt leading to pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary vascular disease, and congestive heart failure if left untreated.
It comprises less than 1% of congenital heart diseases.

19. Morphology of Atrial Septal Defect
1. Cardiac chamber
. Enlarged thick right atrium
. Increased diastolic RV
. LV dynamic abnormality
2. Mitral valve
. Mitral prolapse
. Mitral incompetence
. Cleft mitral leaflet
3. The lungs
. Pulmonary vascular disease
. Compress smaller airways
4. Cardiac conditions
. All varieties of CHD coexist
. Mitral valvar disease
. Tricuspid incompetence
5. Other conditions
. Marfan
. Turner
. Noonan
. Holt-Oram syndrome
. Rarely all these conditions

20. Clinical Features & Diagnosis
1. Prevalence
. 10% of CHD
. M : F = 1 : 2
. Fossa ovalis defect is most common (80%)
2. Symptoms and signs
. No symptoms & signs when Qp/Qs is less than 1.5
. Effort breathlessness and respiratory infections
. Active parasternal systolic lift & fixed splitting of S2
3. Chest radiography, electrocardiography
4. Two-dimensional echocardiography
5. Cardiac catheterization and cineangiography

21. Natural History of ASD 1. Survival 5-15% die in 3rd decade
Premature death with CHF
Rarely paradoxical emboli
2. Pulmonary hypertension
3. Functional status
1% with large ASD have
symptoms during 1 year
4. Spontaneous closure
Uncommon after 1 year
5. Changes in Qp/Qs with time
6. Rt & Lt ventricular function
7. AV valvar dysfunction
8. Supraventricular arrhythmia
AF in adult
Sinus node dysfunction
9. Systemic hypertension
No definite causes,
but increased incidence

22. Changes of Qp/Qs in ASD
Decreasing LV compliance may increase Qp/Qs in patients with ASD during 5th – 6th decades
Systemic arterial hypertension may accelerate this process and unmask an ASD
Most ASDs increase in size & shunt as time passes, as with tendency toward mitral valve prolapse
These increase in shunt with time do not occur when the shunt is from the PAPVC without ASD
Qp/Qs decreases when the pulmonary hypertension develops with decreased RV compliance with RVH

23. Ventricular Functions in ASD
Right ventricular volume overload and increased RV diastolic dimensions are characteristic, and the ventricular septum is displaced posteriorly and leftward
These features of RV are well tolerated much longer than volume-overloaded LV, volume-overloaded RV by acute tricuspid or pulmonary regurgitation
RV failure eventually occurs, however, with decreased RV ejection fraction and hypokinesia
Most adult patients with large ASD have normal LV systolic dimensions but subnormal diastolic dimensions
Some loss of LV functional reserve is present in most adult patients and in some children & preoperative LV abnormalities by the effects of volume-overloaded RV

24. Indications for Operation
1. Uncomplicated ASD or PAPVC, RV volume overload
& Qp/Qs greater than 1.5 in uncomplicated ASD
2. Scimitar syndrome with severe hypoplasia of Rt lung
and Qp/Qs less than 2 is not an indication.
3. Isolated PAPVC without ASD, when Qp/Qs is less than
1.8 is not an indication.
4. Optimal age is under 5 years of age and also can be
considered to be 1-2 years of age recently.
5. Pulmonary vascular disease of sufficient severity
(8-12u) is not indicated.

25. Techniques of Operation
1. Repair of fossa ovalis type
2. Repair of posterior ASD
3. Repair of coronary sinus type
4. Repair of sinus venosus type
5. Repair of anomalous PV connections
6. Repair of mitral or tricuspid valve disease

26. Primary Closure of ASD

27. Patch Closure of Secundum ASD

28. Sinus Venosus Type of ASD

29. Sinus Venosus Type with PAPVC

30. Sinus Venosus Type with PAPVC Warden Operation

31. Warden Operation

32. Repair of PAPVR Connection Left Pulmonary Vein to Innominate Vein
Anastomosis of left pulmonary vein to left atrial appendage

33. Perforated Flap-valve Patch

34. Operation for Scimitar Syndrome
Direct anastomosis of Scimitar vein to LA

35. Features of Postoperative Care
1. Convalescence of most patients is uneventful.
2. Unusually high LA pressure in early after operation
in older patients because of impaired ventricular
function
3. Incidence of pulmonary & systemic embolization occur,
anticoagulation for 8-12 weeks in old patients
4. When mitral regurgitation has been underestimated
preoperatively and there are signs of pulmonary
venous hypertension, urgent evaluation & reoperation
for valve is required

36. Special Situations & Controversies
1. Closure of ASD by percutaneous technique
2. Need for cold cardioplegic myocardial protection
3. Direct suture versus patch repair
Patch closure of large defects to avoid excessive tension
4. Patch material in the atrial septum
5. Complications of sinus venosus syndrome
Postoperative narrowing due to small size or patch
Compromise of sinus node by suture retraction
Development of junctional rhythm by junctional incision
. V-Y atrioplasty
. Warden operation

37. Choice of Intraatrial Patch
Autologous pericardium
When a regurgitation jet may strike the patch
When pericardium forms part of the wall of an intracardiac conduit, the precise contour (position) of which is determined by pressure difference
When the patch is sewn to a very delicate area

38. Operative Results of ASD
4. Functional status
5. Hemodynamic results
6. Ventricular function
7. Arrhythmic events
8. Thromboembolism
9. Reinterventions
1. Survival
. Hospital mortality
. Time-related survival
2. Modes of death
3. Incremental risk factors
for death
1) Pulmonary vascular
disease (contraindication
more than 6~8 units)
2) Older age at operation
3) Anatomic type .