1. Bryan Underwood Advisor: Prof. Gutschlag Alternating Current Power Factor Monitoring and Correction

2. Power Factor is the ratio of the active power to the apparent power P.F. = = Complex Power Diagram

3.  Poor power factor is due to inductive loads such as induction motors in air conditioners and refrigerators  A very low power factor usually results in the power company charging more on a utility bill

4.  Ameren Illinois requires Residential customers (rate DS-1) and Light Industrial Non-Residential customers (rate DS-2, DS-3) to maintain a power factor of 0.90 while Heavy Industrial Non-Residential customers (rate DS-4) must maintain a power factor of 0.95 1

5.  If the power factor falls below the minimum specified by Ameren and ComEd, they require corrective devices to be installed  Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) charges 0.6% more on a utility bill for each percentage point below a power factor of 0.85 2

6.  About 60% of the electrical load in the United States is due to AC electric motors 3  According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), only about 25,000 out of 200,000 manufacturing companies participate in power factor correction (PFC) 4

7.  Increased I 2 R losses in transmission lines due to the additional current requirements needed to provide excess reactive power reduces efficiency, capacity, and profit margins  Increased current requirements result in higher transmission line, transformer, and switch gear current ratings

8.  Usually done by capacitor banks ◦ Generate “negative” reactive power Power Factor Correction (PFC) http://accessscience.com/content/Reactive-power/802370

9. Hampden Type WRM-100 3-Phase Motor  220 V  1.4 A  1725 RPM  1/3 HP

11. SATEC PM172E-N 3-Phase Programmable Power Meter

12.  SATEC Power Analysis Software V1.4 Build 5  Configure basic setup of meter, set trigger points, and view event logs and waveforms

13. news.thomasnet.com directindustry.com  Larger meters have more relay inputs and outputs to permit more incremental values of capacitors to be switched as needed for more precise control of the power factor  More programming options provide more robust control for better power factor correction

14. Potter & Brunfield KRPA-11AG-120 Power Relays

15.  Capacitance is added to each line and can be varied from 1.6uF to 50uF

16.  Resistors are placed in series with the capacitor banks to reduce inrush currents

17.  Current through resistor with 10uF Capacitor  Power losses  Current w/ 20uF  Power losses  Current w/ 30uF  Power losses

20.  Relay coils are energized from SATEC meter when the power factor drops below a certain point ◦ Line current is also monitored to ensure no switching occurs when no load is present  Capacitors are added to the circuit in parallel with the motor ◦ Placed in parallel to maintain the same line voltages into the motor  Power factor can be varied over any desired range to avoid electric utility company charges  Project system maintains a power factor of above 0.98

22. Experimental Results -0.9

23.  Complete the theoretical circuit model and compare with experimental results ◦ Research how the meter calculates its values  Write tutorial on how to use power meter ◦ Will use as an appendix for final paper  Write final paper

25. 1 http://www.ameren.com/sites/aiu/Rates/Documents/AIel14rtds4.pdf http://www.ameren.com/sites/aiu/Rates/Documents/AIel48rdimf.pdf 2 http://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/mybusiness/customerservice/energystatus/powerquality/power%20factor--revised-8-9- 07.pdf 3 http://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/mybusiness/customerservice/energystatus/powerquality/power%20fa ctor--revised-8-9-07.pdf 4 http://www.eia.gov/emeu/mecs/mecs2002/data02/excel/table8.1_02.xls

26. System Values at Various Loads Motor Load Apparent Power (VA) Power Factor Active Power (W) Motor Speed (RPM) No Load3450.3121071777 ¼ Load3540.4351561705 ½ Load3940.5542161683 ¾ Load4190.6582761677 Full Load5200.7764051585