1. Carbohydrates Chapter 5

2. What are Dietary Carbohydrates? Organic compounds containing –Carbon –Oxygen –Hydrogen –CH 2 O Formed naturally in nature Synthesized ~4 kcal/gram

3. Types of Carbohydrates Simple CHO –Monosaccharides Glucose (dextrose, grape sugar) Fructose (levulose, fruit sugar) Galactose (milk sugar) –Disaccharide Maltose (malt sugar, glucose & glucose) Lactose (milk sugar, glucose & galactose) Sucrose (cane or table sugar, glucose & fructose)

4. CHO Types Complex CHO –3 or more glucose molecules –Polysaccharide (>2 molecules) Plant starches Animal starch (glycogen) glucose polymer (10-20 molecules) –Maltodextrin –polycose –Fiber

5. Plant Starches Contains many (up to several thousand) monosaccharides Storage form of CHO in plants Types –Amylopectin – branched-chain molecule that is rapidly digested and absorbed –Amylose – long chain molecule that is more slowly digested and absorbed Most starches contain combinations of both

8. Concentration Units Mole = gram molecular weight A mole is the weight in grams of a particular substance, like glucose Example –Glucose is C 6 H 12 O 6 –Atomic weight of C is 12, H is 1, O is 16 –Multiply the atomic weight X the number of that element in the molecule and sum it up. - 1 mole glucose is 180 grams

10. Muscle Glycogen Units Muscle glycogen/glucose concentration are expressed per kg of dry weight (d.w.) or per kg of wet weight (w.w.) In muscle, w.w. x 4.5 = d.w. Normal Muscle Concentration –12-16 g/kg w.w or 1.7 g/100 g muscle –65-90 mmole/kg w.w –Can be ~ doubled by carbo loading

11. Liver Glycogen Units Normal liver glycogen is 50-75 g/kg w.w. Liver glycogen reduced by 50% after 1 hour of exercise at 75% VO 2 max. At rest, glucose output is 150 mg/min –60% from liver glycogen –40% from gluconeogenesis At >75% VO 2 max –Glucose output is 1 g/min –90% from glycogen

14. TABLE 4.7 Major hormones involved in regulation of blood glucose levels HormoneGlandStimulusAction InsulinPancreasIncrease in blood glucose Helps transport glucose into cells; decreases blood glucose levels. GlucagonPancreasDecrease in blood glucose; Exercise stress Promotes gluconeogenesis in liver; helps increase blood glucose levels. EpinephrineAdrenalExercise stress; decrease in blood glucose Promotes glycogen breakdown and glucose release from the liver: helps increase blood glucose levels CortisolAdrenalExercise stress; decrease in blood glucose Promotes breakdown of protein and resultant gluconeogenesis; helps increase blood glucose levels

15. Causes of Muscular Fatigue Related to CHO Use Muscle Glycogen Depletion –Fatigue begins to occur at approx 30-40 mmole/kg ww. –Short duration high intensity (<60 sec) not affected until glycogen drops below 20 mmole/kg –Normal glycogen levels – 60-90 mM/kg –Max levels – 200 mM/kg

16. Causes of Fatigue Continued Liver Glycogen Depletion –Normal glycogen range: 250-300 mM/Kg –At rest, glucose from liver is 150 mg/min 60% from liver glycogen 40% from gluconeogenesis –During exercise at 75% VO2max, output is 1 gm/min with 90% from glycogen. –Normoglycemia: 60-100 mg/dl –Hyperglycemia: >140 mg/dl –Hypoglycemia: <45 mg/dl Reactive Hypoglycemia

18. Glycemic Index (GI) The GI reflects the rate of digestion and absorption of CHO GI = Blood glucose area after test food Blood glucose area after reference food X 100

19. Glycemic Load Glycemic index relative to the serving size Some CHO have high GI but are consumed in small quantities per serving GL = (GI x CHO/serving)/100 Ratings of glycemic loads –High GL = >20 –Medium GL = 11-19 –Low GL = <11

21. Use Of GI In Sports Nutrition Before Exercise: A low-GL CHO should be eaten, particularly before prolonged exercise, to promote sustained CHO availability During Exercise: Moderate to High-GL CHO foods or drinks are most appropriate After Exercise: High-GL CHO for glycogen resynthesis

22. Major Factors Influencing Skeletal Muscle CHO Metabolism During Exercise Exercise Intensity Exercise Duration Training Diet

23. Effect of Intensity of Exercise on CHO Utilization

26. Exogenous CHO Oxidation & Intensity of Exercise Exo CHO oxidation increases with increasing intensity up to 60% VO 2 max. Peaks at 1.0-1.1 g/min Above 60% VO 2 max, increases in CHO oxidation are due to increases in muscle glycogen oxidation up to 4 g/min Limitation is due to rate of digestion, absorption and transport of glucose into systemic circulation

27. Effect of Exercise Duration on CHO Utilization

31. Effect of Training on CHO Utilization

34. Effect of Diet on CHO Utilization

35.  Mixed Diet ) Low CHO  High CHO

38. Daily CHO Reqirements Minimum of 100 g/day for nervous system Moderate duration/low intensity training of 1-3 hours – 5-7 g/kg Moderate to heavy endurance training of 1-2 hours – 7-12 g/kg Extreme exercise of 4-6 hours – 10-12 g/kg

39. General Considerations Must get adequate overall nutrition in addition to the CHO –Vitamins and minerals –Adequate protein –Total calories Glycemic Index needs to be considered

40. Consumption 3-4 hours Before Exercise (Pre-Competition Meal) Up to 2-3 g/kg of CHO (200-300 gm) Moderate to high glycemic index CHO Minimal fat and protein Increases muscle and liver glycogen

41. Less Than 1 Hour Before Exercise Individuals prone to reactive hypoglycemia should avoid CHO, especially high glycemic CHO –May increase glycogen use Up to 100 g low to moderate GI if no feeding during exercise If feeding during exercise, then nothing up to 1 hour before.

42. During Exercise Maximal use of exogenous CHO is ~ 70 grams per hour Timing of feedings seem unimportant 5-10% solution of 15-20 grams every 15-20 min –8 oz of Gatorade contains approx. 15 grams of CHO –High Fructose may cause stomach upset Multiple CHO types may increase use Always test feeding prior to competition

43. After Exercise Glycogen resynthesis rate is about 5-7% per hour 2 hour window following exercise for maximal rate of resynthesis High glycemic foods Combination of CHO and protein is best in a 3:1 ratio of CHO to protein. However, if total CHO intake is sufficient, PRO doesn’t matter.

44. When Recovery Time is <8 hrs 1.2 gm/kg immediately and each hour for 4-6 hours Can consume in one bolus each hour or smaller quantities every 30 minutes If lesser amounts of CHO are available, consuming protein with CHO in 3:1 ratio is best (may also increase protein anabolism) CHO in fluid solution will also replace fluids

45. When Recovery Time is >8 hours Most important factor is meeting total CHO requirement if the intake is spread throughout the next 24 hours. However, you can’t wait until the last minute as total resynthesis takes approximately 20 hours

46. Factors Affecting Glycogen Resynthesis Trained have higher rates than untrained A lower starting concentration will increase the rate of synthesis No difference in fiber types??? Eccentric exercise has lower rates than concentric exercise after 18-72 hours, but not up to 6 hours No difference in males and females

47. Table 4.8 CHO Loading Original Classic Method Day 1Depletion exercise Day 2High-protein/fat, 15-20% CHO Day 3High-protein/fat, 15-20% CHO Day 4High-protein/fat, 15-20% CHO Day 5High CHO (70-80%) Day 6High CHO Day 7High CHO Day 8Competition

48. Table 4.8 CHO Loading Contemporary Recommended Method Day 1Depletion exercise (optional) Day 2Mixed diet (50-55% CHO) Day 3Mixed diet Day 4Mixed diet Day 5High CHO (70-80%) Day 6High CHO Day 7High CHO Day 8Competition

49. Most Recent Loading Technique 3 min of supramaximal exercise 10-12 gm/kg CHO for 24 hrs.

52. Alcohol As An Energy Substrate 7 kcal/gram By-products of alcohol metabolism released in blood appear to be of little importance to exercising muscle Alcohol consumed prior to exercise may contribute 5% of energy over 90 min of exercise Alcohol requires more O 2 for metabolism than CHO or fat

53. Alcohol may interfere with glucose metabolism Reduced aerobic endurance at 80-85% of VO 2 max May reduce rate of gluconeogenesis Typically represents non-nutritive excess calories contributing to fat storage