1. A CS 206 WRITING Weeks 9-14

2. T HESIS STATEMENT Thesis Statement is the most important sentence in the introduction. It states the specific topic of the essay Native Americans have mde many valuable contributions to modern U.S. Culture It lists the subtopics that will be discussed in the body. Native Americans have mde many valuable contributions to modern U.S. Culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, food and government It indicates the pattern of organization that the essay will follow.What does the following thesis statement indicate? There are several differences between a nurse practitioner and a physician’s assisstant. Please do practice 2 on page 2

3. The body paragraphs in an essay is like the supporting sentences in a paragraph. They are the place to develop your topic and prove your points. There are some patterns that you need to follow them while writing your essay like: Chronological order Compare-contrast Logical division of ideas We are going to learn about logical division of ideas pattern. B ODY P ARAGRAPHS

4. Logical Division of Ideas In this pattern, topics are divided into subtopics and then discuss each subtopics in a seperate paragraph. Causes, reasons, types, kinds, qualities, methods, advantages, disadvantages can be explained by using logical division of ideas. Three keys to organize a logical division essay: Divide your topic into subtopics and then discuss each subtopic in a seperate paragraph Write a thesis statement that indicates logical division Use transitions between paragraphs to guide your reader from one subtopic to the next B ODY P ARAGRAPHS

5. T HESIS STATEMENTS FOR LOGICAL DIVISION OF IDEAS The thesis statement of a logical division essay often indicates the number of subtopics: Inflation has three causes Specific subtopics may be named in the thesis statement: Inflation has three causes: excessive government spending, unrestrained consumer borrowing, and an increase in the supply of paper money Paired conjuctions (both….and, not only….. but also) are an especiaaly effective to list two subtopics: Puppies need both love and discipline to become responsible members of society.

6. A colon (:) is useful before lists of two, three or more subtopics: Young people in my culture have less freedom than young people in U.S.A in three areas : where they live, whom they marry, and what their job is. Do not forget that subtopics should be in parallel form, which means they have the same grammatical form. In the example above, for example, all the subtopics are dependent noun clauses. Now, do the practice 3. T HESIS STATEMENTS FOR LOGICAL DIVISION OF IDEAS

7. T HESIS STATEMENT PITFALLS Avoid the following common problem in your thesis statement: 1. Thesis statement is too general: A college is a good investment. A college education is a good investment for four reasons 2. Thesis statement makes a simple announcement I am going to write about sports injuries Avoid sports injuries by taking a few simple precautions 3. Thesis statement states an obvious fact. The internet is a communication superhighway The explosion of the internet has both positive and negative consequences Please do practice 4 Too general Good Announcement Good Fact Good

8. T RANSITION SIGNALS FOR LOGICAL DIVISION OF IDEAS Check the transition signals table on page 6 and the model paragraph on page 7.

9. CAUSE & EFFECT ESSAYS

10. C AUSE & E FFECT O RGANIZATION A cause and effect essay explains why certain actions, situations and behaviors happen. The essay can begin with : an effect such as success and find its causes which might be education or talent OR a cause and describe its effects

11. C AUSE & E FFECT O RGANIZATION Introduction The hook introduces the cause(s) or effect(s) Background information helps the reader understand the cause(s) or effect(s). Background information can give historical information. The thesis statement show the relationship between the cause(s) and effect(s) Look at the exercise 3 on page 10 and analyze the introduction paragraph for hook, background information and thesis statement.

12. C AUSE & E FFECT O RGANIZATION Body Paragraphs The topics sentence in each paragraph defines a specific cause or effect to support the thesis. All supporting details must be relate to topic sentence. Details include explanations, examples or facts Body paragraphs are organized in order of importance, chronologically or according to the short-term or long-term effects. Each paragraph must use clear logic. Now analyze the body paragraphs of the essay on pages 10-11 according to the criteria above.

13. C AUSE & E FFECT O RGANIZATION Conclusion The conclusion restates the cause(s) and the effect(s) of the essay. It may evaluate or reflect on the ideas represented. It may give advice. Analyze the conclusion paragraph of the essay on page 11. Do the rest of the exercises on pages 11-12-13-14- 15

14. C AUSE & E FFECT O RGANIZATION Relating Effects to Causes A cause may have many effect, but they must be logically related. Look at the sample paragraph on page 16 and see how the writer crossed out the unrelated sentence in the paragraph. Do the exercise 3 on page 16.

15. C AUSE & E FFECT O RGANIZATION Cause Connectors 1. Connectors introducing a clause: Use because or since to introduce a clause. Because/Since the traffic was heavy, we were late for class We were late for class because/Since the traffic was heavy Notice how comma is used in two sentences. Other connectors like as and for can also be used to inroduce clauses. Dependent clauseMain clause Dependent clause

16. C AUSE & E FFECT O RGANIZATION 2. Connectors introducing a noun phrase Use due to, because of and as a result of to introduce a noun phrase. A noun phrase is formed by a noun and its modifiers like heavy traffic, it has no verb. Due to heavy traffic, we were late for class We were late for class because of the heavy traffic. Other connectors like owing to and thanks to can be used to introduce a noun phrase. Do the exercises on page 18.

17. C AUSE & E FFECT O RGANIZATION Effect Connectors Use therefore, as a result, or consequently to introduce effect clauses. These connectors always come between two clauses. I studied all weekend for the test; as a result, I got an A. Connectors like thus and so can also be used. Do the exercise on page 19. causeeffect cause effect