1. UNIT 9 Computer architecture
Ies Arabuleila
Dto Tecnología
Computer architecture Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero

2. Computer architecture
Hardware and Software
Hardware
the physical, tangible parts of a computer
keyboard, monitor, disks, wires, chips, etc.
Software
programs and data
a program is a series of instructions
A computer requires both hardware and software
Each is essentially useless without the other
Computer architecture Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
4/19/2017

3. Computer architecture
All computers, meet the same structure
Input / Output Devices
introduce or show results
It stores the
Information
Monitor
Keyboard
Main
Memory
Central
Processing
Unit
CPU
Process the data.
Computer architecture Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
4/19/2017

4. Computer architecture
Digital Information
The smaller data handling computers is the bit.
Information units
1byte (B) = 8 bits e.g.( )
1kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes
1megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB
1gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB
1terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB
In some way, all information is digitized - broken down into pieces and represented as numbers
Computer architecture Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
4/19/2017

5. Computer architecture
For example, every character is stored as a number, including spaces, digits, and punctuation.
Corresponding upper and lower case letters are separate characters.
For exemple the word hello is stored
h → =
e → =
l → =
o→ =
Computer architecture Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
4/19/2017

6. Computer architecture
CPU and Main Memory
Chip that executes program commands
Intel Pentium 4
Sun ultraSPARC III
Central
Processing
Unit
Main
Memory
Primary storage area for programs and data that are in active use
Synonymous with RAM
Computer architecture Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
9/23/2009

7. Secondary Memory Devices
Computer architecture
Secondary Memory Devices
Secondary memory
devices provide
long-term storage
Information is moved
between main memory
and secondary memory
as needed
Central
Processing
Unit
Main
Memory
Hard disks
Floppy disks
ZIP disks
Writable CDs
Writable DVDs
Tapes
Floppy Disk
Hard Disk
Computer architecture Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
4/19/2017

8. Computer architecture
Input / Output Devices
Monitor
Keyboard
I/O devices facilitate
user interaction
Central
Processing
Unit
Main
Memory
Monitor screen
Keyboard
Mouse
Joystick
Bar code scanner
Touch screen
Floppy Disk
Hard Disk
Computer architecture Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
4/19/2017

9. Computer architecture
System bus:
Communicates, the above components.
Inpunt/Output
Devices
Central
Processing
Unit
Main
Memory
Bus
Computer architecture Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
4/19/2017

10. Computer architecture
Bus model
Characteristic:
Data bus: transmits information
Address bus: transmits address
Control bus: indicates the operation, that is needed doing
Inpunt/Output
Devices
Main
Memory
Central
Processing
Unit
SYSTEM BUS
Computer architecture Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
4/19/2017

11. Computer architecture
The inside of PC
Storage units.
Power supply.
Expansion cards.
RAM memory.
Main board.
Microprocesador. executes program commands.
Chipset (control, input/output devices).
BIOS It is a ROM memory, which contains the boot program.
Connecting elements. Memory modules, expansion card, ports, drives….
Computer architecture - Part1
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
4/19/2017

12. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Microprocessor system
The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
A CPU is on a chip called a microprocessor
It continuously follows the fetch-decode-execute cycle:
fetch
Retrieve an instruction from main memory
decode
Determine what the
instruction is
execute
Carry out the
instruction
Computer architecture - PartII
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
4/19/2017

13. The Central Processing Unit
Microprocessor system
The Central Processing Unit
The CPU contains:
Performs calculations and makes decisions
Arithmetic / Logic Unit
Coordinates processing steps
Control Unit
Small storage areas
Registers
Computer architecture - PartII
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
4/19/2017

14. The Central Processing Unit
Microprocessor system
The Central Processing Unit
The speed of a CPU is controlled by the system clock
The system clock generates an electronic pulse at regular intervals
The pulses coordinate the activities of the CPU
The speed is usually measured in gigahertz (GHz)
Computer architecture - PartII
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
4/19/2017

15. Microprocessor system
Main characteristics
clock frequency.
data size.
number of transistors.
power or energy consumed.
operations per second.
memory that can process.
Computer architecture - PartII
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
4/19/2017

16. Microprocessor system
microprocessors evolution
Gordon Moore said in 1992, that the number of computers would double every two years
Computer architecture - PartII
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
4/19/2017

17. MAIN MEMORY PARTIES OF THE MAIN MEMORY.
RAM - Random Access Memory (direct access). Loads data and programs
ROM –BIOS - Read-Only Memory (storage start program
The terms RAM and main memory are basically interchangeable
RAM-CMOS stores information about computer configuration.
Cache memory, is faster, store data and instructions for immediate use
Computer architecture - PartII
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
4/19/2017

18. Memory
Meaning
Pronunciation
Main memory is volatile - stored information is lost if the electric power is removed.
Main memory and disks are direct access devices - information can be reached directly
The terms direct access and random access often are used interchangeably
Both RAM and ROM are random (direct) access devices!
RAM probably should be called Read-Write Memory
Computer architecture - PartII
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
4/19/2017

19. A Computer Specification
Consider the following specification for a personal computer:
2.8 GHz Pentium 4 Processor
512 MB RAM
80 GB Hard Disk
48x CD-RW / DVD-ROM Combo Drive
17” Video Display with 1280 x 1024 resolution
56 Kb/s Modem
What does it all mean?
Computer architecture - PartII
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
4/19/2017

20. Ies Arabuleila Cúllar Vega
Dto Tecnología
Computer architecture - PartII
D. José Manuel Jiménez Romero
4/19/2017