1. CHAPTER 2
POPULATION

2. WHY IS POPULATION IMPORTANT?
Helps explain issues in human geography
It’s connected to everything!!!! (economics, health, politics….)

3. CASE STUDY: INDIA
Read the case study on p. 46 and answer the following:
Give 2 reasons people in India are having many children
2. Where do most people in India live?
How does the age of India’s population negatively affect it’s growing wealth?

4. Where is the World’s Population Distributed?
ISSUE #1
Where is the World’s Population Distributed?

5. (which areas are clustered, which are sparse? )
Geographers look at two properties to understand global population distribution….
CONCENTRATION
(which areas are clustered, which are sparse? )
DENSITY
2/3 of the world’s population lives in East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Western Europe
Different ways of measuring this: Arithmetic, Physiological, Agricultural

6. World Population Cartogram
Fig. 2-1: This cartogram displays countries by the size of their population rather than their land area. (Only countries with 50 million or more people are named.)
World Growth
worldmapper

7. ARITHMETIC
Total number of people divided by total land area (population density)
Helps geographers compare populations of different parts of the world (helps understand “where”, people live, but not “why” there is uneven distribution

8. PHYSIOLOGICAL Number of people supported by a unit area of arable land
Helps us understand the capacity of land to support the population
The higher the PD, the more pressure on the land to produce enough food

9. AGRICULTURAL
Ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land
Helps explain economic differences
MDCs have lower AD (why? Benefits?)

10. LIST 3 PHYSICAL SIMILARITIES THE MOST POPULATED REGIONS SHARE…

11. LIST 3 PHYSICAL SIMILARITIES THE MOST POPULATED REGIONS SHARE…
Live near ocean and/or river w/ easy access to a river
Live in low-lying areas
Fertile soil
Temperate climate
All in the NH, between 10*N and 55*N
- exception?

12. Where has the World’s Population Increased?
ISSUE #2
Where has the World’s Population Increased?

13. IMPORTANT MEASUREMENTS
Crude Birth Rate
Crude Death Rate
Natural Increase Rate

14. MEASURING NIR just subtract CDR from CBR ex. CBR = 20 (20 per 1,000)
CDR = 5 (5 per 1,000)
- therefore the NIR = 15 or 1.5 % (remember, it’s out of 1,000, not 100)
--- know the global trend over the past 60 years (p.53)

15. TRUE/FALSE?
As NIR decreases, the overall population automatically decreases as well.

16. TRUE/FALSE? FALSE – see graph on p.52
As NIR decreases, the overall population automatically decreases as well.
FALSE – see graph on p.52

18. WHERE IS NIR INCREASING?
Almost all growth in NIR is clustered in LDCs
It is negative in Europe
* What are the implications of this?

20. Provide and example/explanation of how a country’s NIR could equal 1
(CBR is 100 and CDR is 84)

21. True/False – the NIR peaked in the 1960s and then decreased during the late 20th century.

22. True/False – As the NIR decreased the overall population must also decrease.

23. True/False – The nations with the highest NIR tend to also be the same as those with high CBRs and TFRs.
(True)

24. If a nation has a very high life expectancy would you expect it to most likely have a high or low infant mortality rate?
(low)

25. In general, the IMR reflects a nation’s ___________________
(health care system)

26. True/False – the combined CDR for LDCs is actually lower than that of MDCs.

27. Which of the following has the highest CBR?
sub-Saharan Africa
Europe
East Asia
(sub-Saharan Africa)

28. Which of the following has the lowest CDR?
sub-Saharan Africa
Europe
South America
(South America)

29. Which of the following has the highest NIR?
sub-Saharan Africa
North America
South Asia
(sub-Saharan Africa)

30. Which of the following has the highest TFR?
Middle East
Europe
North America
(Middle East)

31. Which of the following has the lowest IMR?
North America
Southeast Asia
South America
(North America)

32. ISSUE #3
Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries?

33. List what you think are the 10 most populated countries in the world

34. 1. China
2. India
3. U.S.
4. Indonesia
5. Brazil
6. Pakistan
7. Bangladesh
8. Nigeria
9. Russia
10. Japan

35. List what you think will be the 10 most populated countries in the world in the year 2050

36. 1. India
2. China
3. U.S.
4. Pakistan
5. Nigeria
6. Indonesia
7. Bangladesh
8. Brazil
9. Ethiopia
10. Democratic Republic of the Congo

37. WORLD POPULATION 2010 2050 1. China 2. India 3. U.S. 4. Indonesia
5. Brazil
6. Pakistan
7. Bangladesh
8. Nigeria
9. Russia
10. Japan
1. India
2. China
3. U.S.
4. Pakistan
5. Nigeria
6. Indonesia
7. Bangladesh
8. Brazil
9. Ethiopia
10. Democratic Republic of the Congo
PDS

38. World Population Growth 1950 - 2005
Fig. 2-6: Total world population increased from 2.5 to over 6 billion in slightly over 50 years. The natural increase rate peaked in the early 1960s and has declined since, but the number of people added each year did not peak until 1990.

39. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
A process of change in a society’s population
This transition will vary in different places, at different times
Process has different stages, every country is either 2,3, or 4

40. STAGE 1: LOW GROWTH
Characterizes most of humanity throughout Earth’s history
NIR = 0 (roughly); high CBR
and CDR
Agricultural revolution led to population increase (8000 BC)
but unreliable food supply kept societies in stage 1 until mid-1700s

41. STAGE 2: HIGH GROWTH After 1750 world population grew MUCH faster
CDR plummets and CBR remains about the same (NIR goes way up because the gap between CDR and CBR is high)
industrial revolution (mid-1700s) spurred this change and pushed some countries into stage 2
Countries in Europe and NA entered S2 in about 1800, many in Asia and Africa didn’t get there until 1950 (why? – medical revolution)

42. STAGE 3: MODERATE GROWTH
CBR drops sharply and CDR falls, but at a much slower rate than in S2 (NIR increases but only moderately because the gap between CBR and CDR narrows)
European and NA countries entered S3 in the first half of the 20th century
Most Asian and LA countries moved there recently, most African countries are still in S2
People choose to have fewer children (social behavior changes)
---read p.59

43. STAGE 4: LOW GROWTH CBR declines until it equals CDR (NIR = 0)
Also called zero population growth (TFR results in a lack of change in total population)
Most European countries are here
Social changes explain the change from S3 to S4 (p.60)

44. The Demographic Transition
Fig. 2-13: The demographic transition consists of four stages, which move from high birth and death rates, to declines first in death rates then in birth rates, and finally to a stage of low birth and death rates. Population growth is most rapid in the second stage.

45. TYPE 2
List the factors that push a society from stage 1 to stage 2, stage 2 to stage 3, and stage 3 to stage 4.

46. TYPE 2
List the factors that push a society from stage 1 to stage 2, stage 2 to stage 3, and stage 3 to stage 4.
Industrial rev. and medical rev. - push from 1 to 2
b. People decide to have fewer children – push from 2 to 3 (lower IMR, economic changes such as not working on farms and smaller living spaces in urban settings)
c People have even fewer children due to things such as ,more women in the workforce, more leisure, time, more use on birth control … - push from 3 to 4

47. Which stage am I?
1. CBR and CDR are about the same, have good technology, food supply and health care
Most of human history has been in my stage
CBR stays relatively the same as it was in the previous stage, but CDR plummets
NIR increases, but moderately, as gap between CDR and CBR narrows

48. Which stage am I?
CBR and CDR are about the same, have good technology, food supply and health care ; zero population growth
(Stage 4)
Most of human history has been in my stage
(Stage 1)
3. CBR stays relatively the same as it was in the previous stage, but CDR plummets
(Stage 2)
NIR increases, but moderately, as gap between CDR and CBR narrows; CBR drops sharply
(Stage 3)

49. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
AND
POPULATION PYRAMIDS
make sure you know dependency ratio, sex ratio and the examples of countries in each stage and what their pyramid looks like
as a nation moves through the stages the % of elderly people increases (explains why nations in stages 3 and 4, which are MDCs, have higher CDRs than LDCs)

50. WHAT DOES A PYRAMID TELL US?
Read p.62 and look at examples on p.63
Pay attention to me, I have lots to tell you about my community!

51. STAGE 2-High Growth: CAPE VERDE (p.64)
Figure: 02-17
Title:
Demographic transition and population pyramid for Cape Verde
Caption:
Cape Verde entered stage 2 of the demographic transition in approximately 1950, as indicated by the large gap between birth and death rates since then. As is typical of countries in stage 2 of the demographic transition, Cape Verde has a population pyramid with a very wide base.

52. STAGE 3-Moderat Growth: CHILE (p.65)
Figure: 02-18
Title:
Demographic transition and population pyramid for Chile.
Caption:
Chile entered stage 2 of the demographic transition in the 1930s, when death rates declined sharply, and stage 3 in the 1960s, when birth rates declined sharply. Since the mid-1980s, however, birth rates have no longer declined, and Chile's natural increase rate has remained about 1.5.

53. STAGE 4-Low Growth: DENMARK (p.66)
Figure: 02-19
Title:
Demographic transition and population pyramid for Denmark.
Caption:
Denmark has been in stage 4 of the demographic transition and has experienced virtually no change in total population since the 1970s. The population pyramid is much straighter than that of Cape Verde and that of Chile, a reflection of the relatively large percentage of elderly people and small percentage of children.

54. POPULATION PYRAMIDS
With a partner draw a pyramid representing each state (2,3,4) – no pyramid for stage 1
Add a brief description explaining why the pyramid represents that particular stage
Draw 2 pyramids, not labeled, that your classmates will have to identify ( I will tell you which stage to draw)

55. Why Might the World Face an Overpopulation Problem?
ISSUE #4
Why Might the World Face an Overpopulation Problem?

56. MALTHUS (population growth is outrunning food supply)
Neo-Malthusians
Critics of Malthus
Believe it is worse than Malthus anticipated:
1. more countries have entered stage 2 so gap between population and resources is greater than he anticipated (especially inLDCs)
2. not just food is being outstripped, world population is too much for other resources as well (clean air, arable land,fuel)
Food supply is not fixed, it can be expanded (possibilism)
Larger population can actually stimulate economic growth, leading to more production of food and technologies
Marxists don’t blame pop. growth, they blame inequalities of capitalism

57. What Malthus had Wrong
Since 1950 world food supply has grown faster than global NIR (new techniques, better seeds, use of more land, Green Revolution)
Expected world pop. to be 10 billion by 2000, actually 6 billion
During past ¼ century population has been increasing at a much slower rate than previous ½ cent.
However, this still adds to our population (why?) – so he wasn’t completely wrong

58. Now it is believed that our population will hit 7 billion by the end of 2011

59. Food & Population, 1950-2000 Malthus vs. Actual Trends
Fig. 2-20: Malthus predicted population would grow faster than food production, but food production actually expanded faster than population in the 2nd half of the 20th century.

60. DECLINING BIRTH RATES NIR 2 reasons NIR can decline: Lower birth rates
Higher death rates
*** for obvious reasons most people develop policies to promote #1
NIR

61. 2 STRATEGIES THAT HAVE REDUCED BIRTH RATES
DISTRIBUTION OF CONTRACEPTIVES
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

62. 1. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Lower IMR = having fewer children More/better
health care
More education

63. 2. DISTRIBUTION OF CONTRACEPTIVES
Demand for contraceptives in LDCs is higher than supply (need to be distributed quickly and cheaply)
Contraceptive use is especially low in Africa (25% compared to 75% in LA and 66% in Asia)
Reasons are economic, religious, and educational/cultural
For women in some LDCs having more children is a way to “improve” their social status

64. Women Using Family Planning

65. Promoting One-Child Policy in China

66. WORLD HEALTH THREATS
In most countries lower CBRs have been responsible for declining NIRs, but in some regions(especially sub-Saharan Africa) lower NIRs have resulted from higher CDRs
Epidemiologic transition focuses on causes of death in each stage of demographic transition

67. STAGES 1 Stage of pestilence and famine
Infectious and parasitic diseases are main causes of deaths (animal and human attacks too)
BLACK PLAGUE

68. STAGE 2 Stage of receding pandemics
Improvements of IR reduced spread of infectious diseases
Poor people in crowded areas had high death rates
1832 – ½ million die in New York from cholera
1831 – 1/8 of Cairo’s population dies of cholera

69. Cholera in London, 1854
Fig. 2-23: By mapping the distribution of cholera cases and water pumps in Soho, London, Dr. John Snow identified the source of the water-borne epidemic.

70. STAGE 3 Stage of degenerative and human-generated diseases
Decrease in deaths from infectious disease
Increase in chronic disorders associated with aging (exs. Cancer and heart attacks)
ATTACK

71. STAGE 4 Stage of delayed degenerative disease
Same causes of death as in stage 3, but medical advances allow people to live longer
Better diets, new types of surgery, less smoking….

72. Retired Man in Russia

73. STAGE 5??? What is it? Reasons for it?
Reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases?
This stage would mean higher CDRs
Others say just a temporary setback
Evolution (of the diseases, not humans)
Poverty (diseases controlled in MDCs are spreading in LDCs)
Improved travel

74. Avian Flu,
Fig. 2-25: The first cases of avian flu in this outbreak were reported in Southeast Asia.

75. HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rates, 2005
95% of people living with HIV and 99% of new cases in the last decade come from LDCs (sub-Saharan Africa hit particularly hard
Fig. 2-26: The highest HIV infection rates are in sub-Saharan Africa. India and China have large numbers of cases, but lower infection rates at present.

76. Chapter 02: Review

77. 02.01 The country with the second-largest population is
1. China
2. Indonesia
3. Russia
4. United States
5. India

78. 02.01 The country with the second-largest population is
1. China
2. Indonesia
3. Russia
4. United States
5. India

80. 02.02 The number of people per unit of arable land is the
1. Arithmetic density
2. Physiological density
3. Agricultural density
4. Land-use density
5. Population density

81. 02.02 The number of people per unit of arable land is the
1. Arithmetic density
2. Physiological density
3. Agricultural density
4. Land-use density
5. Population density

82. 02.03 Given a choice, people are most likely to live in a place that is
1. Wet
2. Dry
3. Cold
4. Warm
5. High

83. 02.03 Given a choice, people are most likely to live in a place that is
1. Wet
2. Dry
3. Cold
4. Warm
5. High

84. 02.04 Which of the following is the least significant factor affecting population growth rates?
1. Doubling times
2. Sex ratio
3. Total fertility rate
4. Crude death rate
5. Crude birth rate

85. 02.04 Which of the following is the least significant factor affecting population growth rates?
1. Doubling times
2. Sex ratio
3. Total fertility rate
4. Crude death rate
5. Crude birth rate

86. 02.05 Infant mortality rates are highest in
1. East Asia
2. The Middle East
3. South America
4. Africa
5. Central America

87. 02.05 Infant mortality rates are highest in
1. East Asia
2. The Middle East
3. South America
4. Africa
5. Central America

89. 02.06 In which stage of demographic transition are birth rates stable and death rates declining?
5. This situation does not occur in any of the four stages.

90. 02.06 In which stage of demographic transition are birth rates stable and death rates declining?
5. This situation does not occur in any of the four stages.

92. 02.07 Population growth rates are lowest in _________ of the demographic transition.
1. Stage 1
2. Stage 2
3. Stage 3
4. Stage 4
5. Stage 5

93. 02.07 Population growth rates are lowest in _________ of the demographic transition.
1. Stage 1
2. Stage 2
3. Stage 3
4. Stage 4
5. Stage 5

94. 02.08 Dependency ratios are highest in
1. Africa
2. South America
3. Europe
4. North America
5. East Asia

95. 02.08 Dependency ratios are highest in
1. Africa
2. South America
3. Europe
4. North America
5. East Asia

96. 02.09 According to Malthus, a growing population will eventually
1. Go to war with neighboring countries
2. Outgrow its food supply
3. Reach an infinite size
4. Be decimated by infectious diseases
5. Reach Stage 4

97. 02.09 According to Malthus, a growing population will eventually
1. Go to war with neighboring countries
2. Outgrow its food supply
3. Reach an infinite size
4. Be decimated by infectious diseases
5. Reach Stage 4

98. 02.10 The most lethal global epidemic disease in recent years has been
1. Tuberculosis
2. Malaria
3. AIDS
4. SARS
5. Ebola

99. 02.10 The most lethal global epidemic disease in recent years has been
1. Tuberculosis
2. Malaria
3. AIDS
4. SARS
5. Ebola