1. Dan Minchin Marine Organism Investigations, Ireland Coastal Research and Planning Institute, Klaipeda, Lithuania. September/November 2013

2. Where fish live Fish radiation How & what they eat effects their shape Adaptions for different environments How this can aid in understanding important commercial species

3. Near the surface = neustonic Midwater = pelagic Near the bottom = epibenthic On the bottom = demersal In crevices = cryptic All in different regions of the world

9. Predators tend to be larger Planktonic feeders tend to be smaller

10. Ambush feeders to hunters Feeding in the water or on the bottom

12. Premaxilla (upper jaw bone) Phyrangeal plate (throat teeth) Neurocranium (skull)

13. Wide range of environments Wide range of altitude and depth Parasitic to predator

14. Varies greatly evolutionary Varies according to diet and habitat

15. a) fish b) sand digger c) insects d) sand digger e) rock scraper f) algal scraper g) leaf chopper h) scale eater i) fish & invertebrates j) sand invertebrates k) small molluscs l) stalker of fish m) algae on coral n) invertebrate picker o) Benthic crustaceans p) coral polyp eater

16. Fast fishes are slim Those that are ambush fishes are more variable in shape

17. Most fish get their thrust from the tail tunaherring salmon goby macrourid Band fish

18. Noctural behaviour in shallow water fishes Depth related eye sizes and behaviour Areas with no significant light

19. 1. Teeth 2. Armoured snout 3. Head spines 4. Pre-opercular spines 5. Lateral scutes 6. Dorsal spines 7. Opercular spines 8. Tubercules 9. Slime 10. Scale armour 11. Overlapping scutes 12. Bucklers 13. Peduncular blades 14. Fixed armour 15. Anal spines 16. Rectal discharge 17. Body spines 18. Pectoral spines 19. Keeled scales 20. Pelvic spines

20. 1. Lateral line 2. Light organs 3. Gonopodium 4. Pelvic rays 5. Pelvic sucker 6. Pectoral rays 7. Barbels 8. Papillae 9. Nares 10. Tentacles 11. Ilicium 12. Eye

21. Fish colourful in coral reefs In kelps fish not normally colourful Upwelling areas have important pelagic fisheries, fish usually silvered

26. Head is shaped by diet Shaped by habitat Has a basic form within a family

27. Occupies a wide range of habitats Long migrations at start and end of life

28. Reproduce in ocean Spawning not observed Not able to spawn in laboratory

29. Eye migration

30. D’Arcy Thompson’s idea

32. Crescent tail, peduncle support Terminal mouth Silvered body Large eye Large fast pelagic pisciverous visual feeder

33. Silvered body Large mouth Fine gillrakers Large eye Forked tail Pelagic planktiverous moderately fast swimming coastal or offshore fish

34. Molariform teeth Solid bone structure Long finned body, entire caudal Benthic mollusciverous fish

35. Compressed body Blunt tail Small mouth Moderate sized eye Benthic opportunist in shallows

36. Sensory barbels Forked tail Dull colouration Small eye Benthic bottom feeding fish in turbid water

37. Protusable mouth Vertically compressed body Filamentous rays False eye Slow swimming epibenthic ambush predator

38. Colourful Small mouth and fused strong teeth Laterally compressed Strong dorsal spine Moderate swimming coral/hard diet coral reef fish

39. Eel-like Firm rasping teeth No jaws Drab colouration Parasite of fishes

40. Large head Long tapered body Vestigial tail Large sub-inferior mouth Large eye Slow moving epibenthic deepwater benthic feeder over sediments

41. What do they feed on How fast do they grow At what age do they reproduce How frequently do they reproduce Where do they seasonally occur What can limit their production How to exploit