1. Prions Infectious proteins Inherited and transmissible by ingestion, transplant, and surgical instruments Spongiform encephalopathies: Sheep scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia, mad cow disease PrP C : Normal cellular prion protein, on cell surface PrP Sc : Scrapie protein; accumulates in brain cells forming plaques

2. Prions Figure 13.22

3. Plant viruses: Enter through wounds or via insects. Viroids: Infectious RNA; e.g., potato spindle tuber disease. Figure 13.23

4. Some Plant Viruses Table 13.6

5. Single-stranded DNA, nonenveloped viruses – Parvoviridae Human parvovirus Fifth disease Anemia in immunocompromised patients Table 13.2 (1 of 20) Virus Families

6. Single-Stranded RNA, + Strand, Nonenveloped Enterovirus – Enteroviruses include poliovirus and coxsackievirus. Rhinovirus Hepatitis A virus Table 13.2 (7 of 20)

7. Double-Stranded DNA, Nonenveloped Viruses Mastadenovirus – Respiratory infections in humans – Tumors in animals Table 13.2 (2 of 20)

8. Double-Stranded DNA, Nonenveloped Viruses Papillomavirus (human wart virus) Polyomavirus – Cause tumors; some cause cancer Table 13.2 (3 of 20)

9. Double-Stranded DNA, Enveloped Viruses Orthopoxvirus (vaccinia and smallpox viruses) Molluscipoxvirus – Smallpox – Molluscum contagiosum – Cowpox Table 13.2 (4 of 20)

10. Double-Stranded DNA, Enveloped Viruses Simplexvirus (HHV1 and HHV 2) Varicellavirus (HHV 3) Lymphocryptovirus (HHV 4) Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5) Roseolovirus (HHV 6) HHV 7 Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV 8) – Some herpesviruses can remain latent in host cells. Table 13.2 (5 of 20)

11. Double-Stranded DNA, Enveloped Viruses Hepadnavirus (Hepatitis B virus) – Use reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from mRNA. Table 13.2 (6 of 20)

12. Single-Stranded RNA, + Strand, Nonenveloped Hepatitis E virus Norovirus causes gastroenteritis. Table 13.2 (8 of 20)

13. Single-Stranded RNA, + Strand, Enveloped Alphavirus – Alphaviruses are transmitted by arthropods; include EEE, WEE. Rubivirus (rubella virus) Table 13.2 (9 of 20)

14. Single-Stranded RNA, + Strand, Enveloped Arboviruses can replicate in arthropods; include yellow fever, dengue, SLE, and West Nile viruses Hepatitis C virus Table 13.2 (10 of 20)

15. Single-Stranded RNA, + Strand, Enveloped Coronavirus – Upper respiratory infections – SARS Table 13.2 (11 of 20)

16. Single-Stranded RNA, – Strand, One RNA Strand Vesiculovirus Lyssavirus (rabies virus) Cause numerous animal diseases Table 13.2 (12 of 20)

17. Single-Stranded RNA, – Strand, One RNA Strand Filovirus – Enveloped, helical viruses – Ebola and Marburg viruses Table 13.2 (13 of 20)

18. Single-Stranded RNA, – Strand, One RNA Strand Paramyxovirus Morbillivirus Paramyxovirus – Parainfluenza – Mumps – Newcastle disease Table 13.2 (14 of 20)

19. Single-Stranded RNA, – Strand, One RNA Strand Hepatitis D virus – Depends on coinfection with Hepadnavirus Table 13.2 (15 of 20)

20. Single-Stranded RNA, – Strand, Multiple RNA Strands Influenzavirus (Influenza viruses A and B) Influenza C virus – Envelope spikes can agglutinate RBCs. Table 13.2 (16 of 20)

21. Crossing the Species Barrier UN 13.3

22. Single-Stranded RNA, – Strand, Multiple RNA Strands Bunyavirus (CE virus) Hantavirus Table 13.2 (17 of 20)

23. Single-Stranded RNA, – Strand, Multiple RNA Strands Arenavirus – Helical capsids contain RNA-containing granules – Lymphocytic choriomeningitis – VEE and Lassa Fever Table 13.2 (18 of 20)

24. Single-Stranded RNA, Two RNA Strands, Produce DNA Lentivirus (HIV) Oncogenic viruses – Use reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from viral genome. – Includes all RNA tumor viruses Table 13.2 (19 of 20)

25. Double-Stranded RNA, Nonenveloped Reovirus (Respiratory Enteric Orphan) Rotavirus – Mild respiratory infections and gastroenteritis Colorado tick fever Table 13.2 (20 of 20)