1. Homeostatic Regulation of Blood Calcium and Blood Glucose

2. Part 1. Regulation of Blood Glucose (“Sugar”)

3. SE 10-14 The Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations Slide 2 HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Rising blood glucose levels HOMEOSTASIS Normal glucose levels (70-110 mg/dl)

4. SE 10-14 The Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations Slide 3 Beta cells secrete insulin HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Rising blood glucose levels HOMEOSTASIS Normal glucose levels (70-110 mg/dl) PANCREAS

5. SE 10-14 The Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations Slide 4 Beta cells secrete insulin Increased rate of glucose transport into target cells HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Rising blood glucose levels HOMEOSTASIS Normal glucose levels (70-110 mg/dl) PANCREAS

6. SE 10-14 The Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations Slide 6 Beta cells secrete insulin Increased rate of glucose transport into target cell HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Rising blood glucose levels HOMEOSTASIS Normal glucose levels (70-110 mg/dl) Increased conversion of glucose to glycogen (liver, skeletal muscle) PANCREAS

7. SE 10-14 The Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations Slide 7 Beta cells secrete insulin Increased rate of glucose transport into target cell HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Rising blood glucose levels HOMEOSTASIS Normal glucose levels (70-110 mg/dl) Increased conversion of glucose to glycogen (liver, skeletal muscle) PANCREAS

8. SE 10-14 The Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations Slide 9 Beta cells secrete insulin Increased rate of glucose transport into target cell Blood glucose concentration declines HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Rising blood glucose levels HOMEOSTASIS RESTORED HOMEOSTASIS Normal glucose levels (70-110 mg/dl) Increased conversion of glucose to glycogen (liver, skeletal muscle) PANCREAS

9. SE 10-14 The Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations Slide 10 HOMEOSTASIS Normal glucose levels (70-110 mg/dl) HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Declining blood glucose levels

10. SE 10-14 The Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations Slide 11 HOMEOSTASIS Normal glucose levels (70-110 mg/dl) HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Declining blood glucose levels Alpha cells secrete glucagon PANCREAS

11. SE 10-14 The Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations Slide 12 HOMEOSTASIS Normal glucose levels (70-110 mg/dl) HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Declining blood glucose levels Increased breakdown of glycogen to glucose (liver, skeletal muscle) Alpha cells secrete glucagon PANCREAS

12. SE 10-14 The Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations Slide 14 HOMEOSTASIS Normal glucose levels (70-110 mg/dl) HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Declining blood glucose levels Increased breakdown of glycogen to glucose (liver, skeletal muscle) Increased synthesis and release of glucose (liver) Alpha cells secrete glucagon Blood glucose concentration rises PANCREAS

13. SE 10-14 The Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations Slide 15 HOMEOSTASIS Normal glucose levels (70-110 mg/dl) HOMEOSTASIS RESTORED HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Declining blood glucose levels Increased breakdown of glycogen to glucose (liver, skeletal muscle) Increased synthesis and release of glucose (liver) Alpha cells secrete glucagon Blood glucose concentration rises PANCREAS

14. SE 10-14 The Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentrations Slide 16 Beta cells secrete insulin Increased rate of glucose transport into target cell Blood glucose concentration declines HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Rising blood glucose levels HOMEOSTASIS RESTORED HOMEOSTASIS Normal glucose levels (70-110 mg/dl) HOMEOSTASIS RESTORED HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Declining blood glucose levels Increased breakdown of glycogen to glucose (liver, skeletal muscle) Increased synthesis and release of glucose (liver) Alpha cells secrete glucagon Blood glucose concentration rises Increased conversion of glucose to glycogen (liver, skeletal muscle) PANCREAS

15. Part 2. Regulation of Blood Calcium (Ca 2+ )

16. SE 10-10 The Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentrations Slide 2 HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Rising calcium levels in blood HOMEOSTASIS Normal calcium levels (8.5-11 mg/dl)

17. SE 10-10 The Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentrations Slide 3 Thyroid gland produces Calcitonin, a hormone HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Rising calcium levels in blood HOMEOSTASIS Normal calcium levels (8.5-11 mg/dl)

18. SE 10-10 The Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentrations Slide 4 Thyroid gland produces calcitonin Increased excretion of calcium in kidneys HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Rising calcium levels in blood HOMEOSTASIS Normal calcium levels (8.5-11 mg/dl)

19. SE 10-10 The Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentrations Slide 5 Thyroid gland produces calcitonin Increased excretion of calcium in kidneys Calcium deposition in bone Blood calcium levels drop HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Rising calcium levels in blood HOMEOSTASIS Normal calcium levels (8.5-11 mg/dl)

20. SE 10-10 The Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentrations Slide 6 Thyroid gland produces calcitonin Increased excretion of calcium in kidneys Calcium deposition in bone Blood calcium levels drop HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Rising calcium levels in blood HOMEOSTASIS RESTORED HOMEOSTASIS Normal calcium levels (8.5-11 mg/dl)

21. SE 10-10 The Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentrations Slide 7 HOMEOSTASIS Normal calcium levels (8.5-11 mg/dl) HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Falling calcium levels in blood

22. SE 10-10 The Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentrations Slide 8 HOMEOSTASIS Normal calcium levels (8.5-11 mg/dl) HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Falling calcium levels in blood Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

23. SE 10-10 The Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentrations Slide 9 HOMEOSTASIS Normal calcium levels (8.5-11 mg/dl) HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Falling calcium levels in blood Release of stored calcium from bone Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

24. SE 10-10 The Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentrations Slide 10 HOMEOSTASIS Normal calcium levels (8.5-11 mg/dl) HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Falling calcium levels in blood Release of stored calcium from bone Increased Re-absorption of calcium in kidneys Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

25. SE 10-10 The Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentrations Slide 11 HOMEOSTASIS Normal calcium levels (8.5-11 mg/dl) HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Falling calcium levels in blood Release of stored calcium from bone Increased Re-absorption of calcium in kidneys Increased Ca 2+ absorption by digestive tract Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) Blood calcium levels increase

26. SE 10-10 The Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentrations Slide 12 HOMEOSTASIS Normal calcium levels (8.5-11 mg/dl) HOMEOSTASIS RESTORED HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Falling calcium levels in blood Release of stored calcium from bone Increased reabsorption of calcium in kidneys Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) Blood calcium levels increase Increased Ca 2+ absorption by digestive tract

27. SE 10-10 The Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentrations Slide 1 Thyroid gland produces calcitonin Increased excretion of calcium in kidneys Calcium deposition in bone (inhibition of osteoclasts) Uncertain significance in a healthy nonpregnant adult Blood calcium levels decline HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Rising calcium levels in blood HOMEOSTASIS RESTORED HOMEOSTASIS Normal calcium levels (8.5-11 mg/dl) HOMEOSTASIS RESTORED HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Falling calcium levels in blood Release of stored calcium from bone (stimulation of osteoclasts, inhibition of osteoblasts) Enhanced reabsorption of calcium in kidneys Stimulation of calcitriol production at kidneys; enhanced Ca 2+, PO 4 3- absorption by digestive tract Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) Blood calcium levels increase