4. Evolution of Angiosperms
Archaefructus sinensis
Controversy over when this first appeared
Best bet is 125 MYA
No sepals or petals, just stamens and carpels. Stamens thought to have attracted pollinators

5. Phylum Anthophyta Non Monocot Paleoherbs Magnoliids
Nymphales (water lilies), Aristolociales (pipe vine)
Magnoliids
Magnoliales (Magnolia) Laurales (Red Bay)
Monocotyledones (monocots)
Grasses, lilies, irises, orchids, cattails, palms
Eudicotyledons (eudicots)
most familiar trees and shrubs (other than conifers and palms) and many herbs
300,000 species- largest phylum of photosynthetic organisms!
Dominated plant world for the last 100,000 years
Seed plants with flowers, and fruits

6. Aristolochia gigantea- Dutchman’s pipe

7. Magnoliids: Magnoliaceae – Magnolia grandiflora

11. Helianthus annuus Sunflower
Asteraceae- Composites
Usually: inferior ovary, stamens 5 fused, petals 5 fused, sepals absent/reduced
Small disk flowers clustered together
Ray flowers around periphery (carpellate or sterile)

12. Flowers Angeion (vessel) + sperma (seed) = Angiosperm
Perfect flowers- bisexual, stamens and carpels
Imperfect flowers- unisexual, either staminate or carpellate
Monoecious species- both staminate and carpellate flowers on one plant (ex. oaks)
Dioecious species- staminate and carpellate flowers on separate individuals (ex. willows)
Angeion (vessel) + sperma (seed) = Angiosperm
Carpel – contains the ovules (develop into seeds) and the carpel itself which develops into the fruit wall

13. Locate: Pedicel Receptacle Calyx Sepals Corolla Petals Tepals Stamens
Filament
Anthers
Pistil
Stigma
Style
Ovary

14. Clustered flowers
-aggregated into different types of inflorescences

15. Intermediate conditions:
Superior ovary- (ex. lily) sepals, petals, and stamens are attached below the ovary
Inferior ovary- sepals, petals and stamens attached near the top of the ovary
Intermediate conditions:
Ranunculaceae
Rosaceae
Apiaceae

16. Malus domestica
Example of epigyny
-sepals, petals, stamens apparently arise from the top of the ovary

17. Pollen grains
-wall protects male gametophyte
-sculpturing of wall is distinctive and species specific
-Lilium longiflorum

18. Ambrosia psilostachya- western ragweed

19. Placentation
Parietal
Axile
Free-central

20. Fruits
Just as flowers evolve for pollination, fruit evolves for dispersal
Fruit is a mature ovary
Types
Simple: one (or united) carpels
Aggregate: many separate carpels from one ovary (magnolia, raspberry, strawberry)
Multiple fruits: ovaries of >1 flower (pineapple)

23. Dry, indehiscent
Achene- small, single seeded fruit (Ranunculaceae, Polygonaceae)
Samaras- winged achenes (elms, ashes)
Caryopsis- grain or achene-like fruit in grasses
Schizocarp- splits at maturity into 2+ one-seeded portions (Apiaceae)

24. Modes of dispersal

25. Dry, dehiscent
Follicle- single carpel, splits down a side (columbines, milkweeds)
Legume- Fabaceae- like follicles but split down both sides
Silique- Brassicaceae Mustard family- 2 fused carpels, sides split off at maturity leaving seeds attached to the central portion
Capsule- compound ovary (superior or inferior) (poppies)

27. Fleshy Fruits
Berry- 1-many carpels, each often many-seeded, inner layer of wall fleshy (tomato, date, grape)
Drupes- 1-many carpels with only 1 seed each, inner layer of fruit stony (peach, cherry, olive)
Pomes- subfamily in Roseaceae- compound inferior ovary with large fleshy part from the base of the perianth- also an accessory fruit (apple, pear)

30. Hesperidium

31. Modes of dispersal

32. Modes of dispersal Wind Water “Drop” dispersal Mechanical
Animal (ant, insect, mammal): Internal and external