1. CE 102 - HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING
Water Distribution
Supply System
CE HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING

2. Water Distribution - Supply System
Definition
- Physical works that deliver water from the water source to the intended end point or USER.

3. Basic elements Water intakes - from surface waters and groundwater
Pumping stations
External pipelines (conduits) - gravity and (pumping) pressurised

4. Basic elements
Reservoirs - collecting, service (distribution), storage, (artificial) lakes
Distribution(water supply) networks
Pipelines and distribution networks facilities - chambers, valves, fittings

5. Introduction To deliver water to individual consumers with appropriate
quality, quantity, and pressure in a community setting requires
an extensive system of:
Pipes.
Storage reservoirs.
Pumps.
Other related accessories.

6. Methods Of Supplying Water
Depending on the topography relationship between the source of supply and the consumer, water can be transported by:
Canals.
Tunnels.
Pipelines.
The most common methods are:
Gravity supply
Pumped supply
Combined supply

7. so that the desired pressure can be maintained
Gravity Supply
The source of supply is at a sufficient elevation above the distribution area (consumers).
Source
(Reservoir)
(Consumers)
Gravity-Supply System
so that the desired pressure can be maintained

8. Advantage of Gravity Supply
No energy costs.
Simple operation (fewer mechanical parts, independence of power supply, ….)
Low maintenance costs.
No sudden pressure changes

9. Pumped Supply
Source
(River/Reservoir)

10. Pumped Supply  Used whenever:
The source of water is lower than the area to which we need to distribute water to (consumers)
The source cannot maintain minimum pressure required.
 pumps are used to develop the necessary head (pressure) to distribute water to the consumer and storage reservoirs.

11. Disadvantage of Pumped Supply
Complicated operation and maintenance.
Dependent on reliable power supply.
Precautions have to be taken in order to enable permanent supply:
Stock with spare parts
Alternative source of power supply ….

12. Combined Supply Pumped-Storage Supply
Both pumps and storage reservoirs are used.
Pumped supply
Gravity supply
reservoir
reservoir
City

13. Sources of Water
Aquifers (Groundwater)
Surface Water

14. Sources Of Water Aquifers (Groundwater)
Primary source of drinking water
Porous consolidated rock or unconsolidated soil
Groundwater fills spaces
Wells and pumps used to remove water

15. Sources Of Water Surface Water Lakes, reservoirs, rivers
Rivers dammed to create reservoirs
Reservoirs store water during heavy rain/snow

16. Water Treatment Amount of treatment depends on quality of the source
Ground water requires less treatment than surface water
The city of Salem water treatment facility withdraws water from the North Santiam River.

17. Water Storage Pumped to Storage Tank Storage Water pressure psi
1 psi = 2.31 feet of water

18. Types of Reservoirs Underground reservoirs.
Small ground level reservoirs.
Large ground level reservoirs.
Overhead tanks.

19. Water Distribution System
Consists of water lines, fittings, valves, service lines, meters, and fire hydrants
Loop system more desirable than branch system
Isolation valves
Water flows in more than one direction
LOOP SYSTEM
BRANCH
SYSTEM

20. Water Supply Risk
Risk Concepts: Risk = (Probability of failure) * (consequence of such failure)

21. Probabilities impacting on water supply
Things going wrong and the uncertainties associated with it, for example: • Pipeline failures – How often does it happen? – How long does it take to repair? • Power failures • Local soil conditions – dolomitic areas • Water demand

22. Consequential damage
Vary diverse, but also unique, for example: • Type of consumer • Area where the incidence occurred. • Climate • Sanitation services provided

23. About The Risk earthquakes = minutes floods = days droughts = weeks
man made threats = ?
The concentration of human population and economic activity in urban center raises the level of risks.

24. Man made threats: what has changed ?
• Matters of security are now definitely part of the job. • New relationships are being deployed between the water utilities and the authorities. • New challenges appear with new constraints but also with new opportunities to improve the water supply security.

25. Why is it important? System failures do occur.
Impact on people / consumers.
Reliability of supply.
Impacting on new infrastructure.
Impact on repair and maintenance work.

26. Julie Mae Cuchapin Baliog B S C E – I V
P r e p a r e d b y :
Julie Mae Cuchapin Baliog
B S C E – I V
T e a c h e r :
P r o f . D a n I e l m o n s t r a l e s