1. Special Radiographic examination
By Dr/ Dina Metwaly

2. General radiographic examinations
General Radiography refers to procedures used to image chest, bones, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, etc. 
The following exams fall under General Radiology procedures: Chest, spine, abdominal and extremity x-rays.
Bone Mineral Densitometry (BMD)
GI Procedures (Barium swallow, Upper GI, Small Bowel Follow Through, and Barium Enema).

3. General radiography may be conventional or fluoroscopy
General radiography may be conventional or fluoroscopy.  Examinations such as chest x-ray, spine x- ray or extremities are imaged electronically and viewed on a computer monitor.
  Fluoroscopy is a type of medical imaging that shows a continuous x-ray image on a monitor, much like an x-ray movie.  It is used to diagnose or treat patients by displaying the movement of a body part or organ.  One example is a barium enema, which is used to view movement through the lower GI tract.
Bone mineral denistometry scans (BMD) help identify patients with low, or potentially low, density of their bones.  Once identified, treatment can help prevent future bone fractures due to osteoporosis.

4. PATIENT PREPARATION FOR GENERAL X-RAY
An x-ray requires no special physical preparation. The patient does not need to restrict food or fluids prior to the test .
Always introduce yourself to the patient and state your profession.
Explain the procedure and the patient’s role.
The patient will be asked to remove jewelry or other metal objects and change into a medical gown,This is not necessary for x-ray of hands, wrists, feet or ankles.

5. ask if the patient is pregnant as x-rays are harmful to a fetus.
Female patients should remove their bra prior to an abdomen, chest or spine x-ray
Female patients must adhere to the 10-day rule (The 10-day rule states that female patients of childbearing age can only be x-rayed during the first 10 days of the patient’s menstrual cycle.
If the patients menstrual cycle is outside of these dates and the x-ray required is urgent then a pregnancy test should be ordered on the ward and a hard copy of the results given to the radiographer.

6. FLUOROSCOPIC PROCEDURES AND PATIENT PREPARATION
Barium Swallow, barium meal & barium followthrough :
This is a fluoroscopic examination to visualize the G.I.T
patient will be asked to take barium sulphate, which is a radio-opaque contrast agent. Using the fluoroscopy machine, the radiologist will study the transit of the barium through the G.I. tract .
Preparation:
The patient is required to be fasting for 8 hours prior to their exam.
Female patients must adhere to the 10-day rule

7. .1. preparation 2. examination 3. aftercare Preparation:
The following checklist summarizes the radiographer’s role and the various stages that are followed during an imaging procedure.
.1. preparation examination aftercare
Preparation:
a(Procedure B)patient C) x-ray room
procedure
Review imaging request form
Justification of the examination
Check previous studies
Review relevant departmental protocols
Infection control considerations
Consider specific radiation protection requirements

8. X-ray Room
Room safe and tidy
Optimization of exposure. X-ray generator set for correct procedure
Tube positioned for procedure
Prepare image receptors/cassettes
Accessory equipment available

9. Patient
Communicate effectively
Introduce yourself and state your profession
Correctly identify patient
Check pregnancy status
Explain procedure and gain consent
Prepare patient if necessary, e.g. request they change into a gown

10. .2Examination
Patient Care
Wash/clean your hands in sight of the patient
Communicate effectively
Be friendly and sympathetic
Give clear instructions
Explain what you are doing
Explain why you are doing it
Invite and answer any questions

11. Radiographic Procedure
X-ray correct patient
Follow department protocols
Use a precise technique
Be quick, safe and efficient
Get it right first time
Wash/clean hands following the procedure

12. Radiation Protection
Correct protocol
Only essential people in the room
Use optimal exposure
Collimate to area of interest
Apply lead protection if appropriate

13. .3Aftercare:
Assessment of Image Quality
Patient
Communicate effectively
Explain what they need to do next
Invite and answer any questions
Arrange transport if necessary

14. Special radiographic examinations
Angiography: -cerebral, abdominal
peripheral-arteriography and venography; lymphography, myelography,
dental radiography,
macroradiography,
cardiac catheterization
interventional radiography.

15. Bye Bye