1. Critical Reflection Divergent Cultures
William
William KwokEnoch NgAinsley Hart
Axel Durand-SmetMahmoud Abu HannoudMartina Nikic

2. Table of Contents Introduction to cross-cultural analysis
Comparative analysis of assigned articles
Contribution of other articles
Hofstede’s Value Dimensions
Importance of Hofstede’s model
Improvements of Hofstede’s model
Relation to Factbook – Banking Industry
William
Table of Contents

3. Introduction to cross-cultural analysis
Also known as comparative analysis.
Crucial for identifying aspects of human culture.
Can aid in understanding of
individual traits.
Statistical cross-cultural
comparisons can be used to discover
traits shared between cultures.
William
Introduction to cross-cultural analysis

4. Comparative analysis of assigned articles
1980
Hofstede’s Value Dimensions
1988
New value to Hofstede’s model (LTO)
1992
Schwartz’ model
1993
Trompenaars’ model
1999
Improvement of Schwartz’ model
Axel
Comparative analysis of assigned articles

5. Contribution of other articles
Importance of Hofstede’s theory and framework: Analysis of ethical policies in firms around the world
Improvement of Schwartz’ methods: SVS  PVQ
Analysis within a culture: “Pancultural Analysis”
Location effect
Patterning effect
Axel
Contribution of other articles

6. Contribution of other articles
Trompenaar
Schwartz (PVQ)
Axel
Contribution of other articles

7. Ainsley
Theories and Models

8. Hofstede’s Value Dimensions
Cultural Differences
Power Distance
Uncertainty Avoidance
Individualism and Collectivism
Masculinity/ Feminity
Long-Term Orientation (Added in 1988)
Ainsley
Hofstede’s Value Dimensions

9. Hofstede’s Value Dimensions
Ainsley
Source:
Hofstede’s Value Dimensions

10. Importance of Hofstede’s model
Many other theoretical models have been the product of Hofstede’s model.
Provided numerous statistical results about culture.
Influenced Trompenaars’ model i.e. closeness of collectivism vs. individualism of Hofstede and communitarianism vs. individualism of Trompenaars.
Martina
Importance of Hofstede’s model

11. Improvements of Hofstede’s model – Trompenaar (1993)
Culture
Inner v. Outer directed
Universalism v. Particularism
Individualism v. Communitarism
Specific v. Diffuse
Affective v. Neutral
Achievement v. Ascription
Sequential v. Synchronic time
Martina
Improvements of Hofstede’s model – Trompenaar (1993)

12. Improvements of Hofstede’s model – Schwartz (1992)
Culture
Polar dimension 1
Openness to change
Conservation
Polar dimension 2
Self-enhancement
Self-transcendance
Enoch
Improvements of Hofstede’s model – Schwartz (1992)

13. Improvements of Hofstede’s model – Schwartz (1999)
Culture
Polar dimension 1
Conservatism
Intellectual Autonomy
Affective Autonomy
Polar dimension 2
Hierarchy
Egalitarianism
Polar dimension 3
Mastery
Harmony
Enoch
Improvements of Hofstede’s model – Schwartz (1999)

14. Relation to Factbook – Banking Industry
Switzerland
Poland
Relatively risk averse
Score of 58 on Hofstede’s scale.
Lower power distance
Score of 31 on Hofstede’s scale.
More risk averse
Score of 93 on Hofstede’s scale.
Higher power distance
Score of 68 on Hofstede’s scale.
What effect will these differing scores have on how the banking sector operates in the different countries?
Mahmoud
Relation to Factbook – Banking Industry

15. A quarter century of Culture’s Consequences: A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede’s cultural values framework by Kirkman, Lowe and Gibson (2006)
On the Empirical Identification of Dimensions for Cross-Cultural Comparisons by Leung and Bond (1989)
Cultural Values and International Differences in Business Ethics by Scholtens and Dam (2007)
A Theory of Cultural Values and Some Implications For Work by Schwartz (1999)
Extending the Cross-Cultural Validity of the Theory of Basic Human Values with a Different Method of Measurement by Schwartz, Melech, Lehmann, Burgess, Harris and Owens (2001)
National culture and the values of organizational employees: A dimensional analysis across 43 nations by Smith, Dugan and Trompenaars (1996)
Mahmoud
References

16. Thank you
Mahmoud