1. The producers, Many are firmly rooted to the bottom of the sea….
Plants
The producers,
Many are firmly rooted
to the bottom of the sea….
At mercy of currents, tides, water motion

2. STRUCTURE Four types of algae Unicellular Colonial Filamentous
Multicellular or macrophytic

3. Phylum Chlorophyta –
Green Algae

4. Algae a.k.a. seaweed
Kingdoms Protista &
Chromalveolata

5. Chlorophyta (green algae) Phaeophyta (brown algae)
Algal Taxonomy
Eukaryotic Algae
single celled or multi-cellular, possess nuclear membrane, aquatic photoautotrophs, classified on chlorophyll, color, cell wall composition, food storage
Chlorophyta (green algae)
Phaeophyta (brown algae)
Rhodophyta (red algae)

6. Is algae in the kingdom Plantae?
A CLASSIFICATION DEBATE RAGES
MACROPHYTE ALGAE
LARGE PLANTS,
WHETHER AQUATIC OR MARINE…
Are red and brown algae still
classified as protists?

7. Unicellular algae

8. IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF ALGAE

9. Chlorophylls a, b, c, d, e.
Each molecule functions at
specific wavelengths of light.
2. Carotenes:
carotene B- found in all three divisions
xanthophylls- 20 different types of pigments and two types:
fucoxanthin- found only in phaeophyta
lutein- common pigment in all large algae
3. Phycoblins:
phycocyanin- blue pigment
phycorethrin- pink-red pigment found in
rhodophyta and cyanobacteria

11. Phylum Chlorophyta –
Green Algae

12. Phylum Chlorophyta –Green Algae
Pigments:
Chlorophylls a and b,
ß-carotene and various xanthophylls
Walls of cellulose
Food reserves:
true starch, fats and oils
Eukaryotic algae:
membrane-bound organelles
Flagella:
2 or 4

13. Phylum Chlorophyta –Green Algae Distribution and habitats
Common in ponds, ditches etc.
Attached to rocks or free floating
90% are fresh water species
Often in brackish water
Shallow, nutrient-rich water
Important marine algae in tropics
May be symbiotic, lichens (algae + fungus)

14. Phylum Chlorophyta – Green Algae
Halimeda opuntia
Caulerpa sertularioides
Codium edule
Caulerpa racemosa
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa

15. Chaetomorpha
Bryopsi

16. Chara
Volvox colony

17. Caulerpa

18. REPRODUCTION MOST REPRODUCE BOTH SEXUALLY AND ASEXUALLY
Most sexual reproduction is triggered by environmental stress
Asexual Reproduction
Mitosis
Sexual Reproduction
Meiosis
Zoospores
Plus and minus gametes
Zygospore

19. Water Molds

20. Division Heterokontophyta: Phylum Phaeophyta – Brown Algae
Kingdom Chromalveolata
Division Heterokontophyta:
Phylum Phaeophyta – Brown Algae
Many chromalveolates affect our ecosystem in enormous ways. Some of these organisms can be very harmful. Dinoflagellates produce red tides which can devastate fish populations and intoxicate oyster harvests. Apicomplexans are some of the most successful specific parasites to animals. Water molds cause several plant diseases. In fact, it was a water mold, Phytophthora infestans, that caused the Irish potato blight that led to the Great Irish Famine.However, many chromalveolates are vital members of our ecosystem. Diatoms are one of the major photosynthetic producers, and as such produce much of the oxygen we breathe, and also take in much of the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Brown algae, most specifically kelps, create underwater "forest" habitats for many marine creatures, and provide a large portion of the diet of coastal communities.Chromalveolates also provide many products that we use. The algin in brown algae is used as a food thickener, most famously in ice cream. The siliceous shells of diatoms have many uses, such as in reflective paint, in toothpaste, or as a filter, in what is known as diatomaceous earth.

21. Phylum Phaeophyta 1500 species of Brown algae
Mostly marine and include seaweed and kelp
All are multicellular and large (often reaching lengths of 147 feet)
Individual alga may grow to a length of 100m with a holdfast, stipe and blade
Photosynthetic pigments
chlorophyll a & c
carotenoids
xanthophylls (e.g. fucoxanthin)
Historically, many chromalveolates were considered plants, because of their cell walls, photosynthetic ability, and in some cases their morphological resemblance to the land plants (Embryophyta). However, when the five-kingdom system took prevalence over the animal–plant dichotomy, most chromalveolates were put into the kingdom Protista, with the water molds and slime nets put into the kingdom Fungi, and the brown algae staying in the plant kingdom.In 2005, in a classification reflecting the consensus at the time, the Chromalveolata were regarded as one of the six major clades of eukaryotes

22. Phaeophyta: Brown Algae
Padina japonica
Turbinaria ornata
Hydroclathrus clathratus
Sargassum polyphyllum
Sargassum echinocarpum

23. Algal macrophyte structure

24. Brown Algae
Macrocystis -- Kelp

25. Macrocystis -- Kelp

26. Brown algae
Egregia
Postelsi
Laminaria

27. Phylum Rhodophyta Photosynthetic Pigments chlorophyll a carotenoids
phycobilins
Mostly multicellular, marine forms.
Abundant in warm, tropical coastal waters.
Not all are red in color

28. Kingdom Protista Phylum Rhodophyta
4000 species of RED Algae
Most are marine
Smaller than brown algae and are often found at a depth of 200 meters.
Contain chlorophyll a and C as well as phycobilins which are important in absorbing light that can penetrate deep into the water
Have cells coated in carageenan which is used in cosmetics, gelatin capsules and some cheeses

29. Phylum Rhodophyta Calcareous algae
Coralline algae are red algae in the order Corallinales. They are characterized by a thallus that is hard because of calcareous deposits contained within the cell walls. The colors of these algae are most typically pink, or some other shade of red, but other species can be purple, yellow, blue, white or gray-green. Coralline algae play an important role in the ecology of coral reefs. Sea urchins, parrot fish, limpets (mollusks), and chitons (mollusks), feed on coralline algae. Many are typically encrusting and rock-like, found in marine waters all over the world. Unattached specimens (maerl, rhodoliths) may form relatively smooth compact balls to warty or fruticose thalli.A close look at almost any intertidal rocky shore or coral reef will reveal an abundance of pink to pinkish-grey patches, splashed as though by a mad painter over rock surfaces. These patches of pink "paint" are actually living algae: crustose coralline red algae. The red algae belong to the division Rhodophyta, within which the coralline algae form a distinct, exclusively marine order, the Corallinales. There are over 1600 described species of nongeniculate coralline algae

30. Phylum Rhodophyta Ahnfeltia concinna Acanthophora spicifera
Galaxaura fastigiata
Hypnea chordacea
Asparagopsis taxiformis

31. Phylum Rhodophyta – Red Algae

32. Phylum Rhodophyta – Red Algae
Corallin
Mazzaella
Palmari

33. Harvesting
from the sea

34. The harvest of seaweed for culinary delights

35. Food Source in Hawaii 7000 species altogether in world’s oceans
600 different species of algae in Hawaii
Limu were important to early Hawaiians
More than 70 different kinds were used
Eaten fresh
used as spices or medicines
used in religious ceremonies in Hawaii
Today, many Hawaiian residents still harvest fresh limu for food or buy it at the market. Limu is the Hawaiian word for algae. There are approximately one hundred Hawaiian names for kinds of limu, sixty of which can be matched with scientific

36. Algal Products
Certain alga can be used to make agar or as stabilizer in gelatin and ice cream:
Use: sugar, milk, irish moss or euchima, Chondrus, Porphyra and Rhodymenia- blend and boil.
Thickener and help smooth these items:
Many foods and milk-products
Toothpaste
Beauty creams
Paints
Medical products- like bacterial culture plates, time-release pills, and dental impression gels

37. Phycocolloids
Carrageenan from red algae
Algin from brown algae

38. phycocolloids from red and brown algae
The cell walls of many seaweeds contain phycocolloids (algal colloids) that can be extracted by hot water. The three major phycocolloids are alginates, agars, and carrageenans. Alginates are extracted primarily from brown seaweeds, and agar and carrageenan are extracted from red seaweeds. These phycocolloids are polymers of chemically modified sugar molecules, such as galactose in agars
phycocolloids from red and brown algae