2. Protein: Amino Acids Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

3. Amino Acids Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

4. Amino Acids Nonessential amino acids –a.k.a dispensable amino acids Essential amino acids –a.k.a indispensable amino acids Conditionally essential amino acids Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

6. An Essential Amino Acid

7. Nonessential Amino Acids

8. Proteins Peptide bond

9. Proteins Dipeptide Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

10. Proteins Tripeptide

11. Proteins Polypeptide Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

12. Proteins Amino acid sequences Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

13. Protein shape and function

14. Proteins Protein denaturation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

15. Protein Digestion Stomach –HCl –Pepsinogen  pepsin Proenzyme Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

16. Protein Digestion Small intestine –Proteases Intestinal and pancreatic –Peptidases Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

17. Protein Digestion in the GI Tract

18. Protein Absorption Carriers Capillaries Absorption misconceptions –Enzyme/amino acid supplements Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

19. Protein Synthesis Delivering the instructions –DNA mRNA Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

20. Protein Synthesis Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

21. Protein Synthesis Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

22. Protein Synthesis Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

23. Protein Synthesis Sequencing errors Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

25. Protein Synthesis Nutrients and gene expression Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

26. Roles of Proteins Building material –Growth –Maintenance Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

27. Roles of Proteins Enzymes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

28. Roles of Proteins Hormones Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

29. Roles of Proteins Regulation of fluid balance –Edema Acid-base regulation –Acidosis –Alkalosis Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

30. Transport Proteins

31. Roles of Proteins Immunity –Antibodies –Antigens Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

32. Roles of Proteins Source of energy Other roles Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

33. Protein Metabolism Protein turnover –Amino acid pool Nitrogen balance –Positive nitrogen balance –Negative nitrogen balance Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

34. Protein Metabolism Using amino acids to make proteins Using amino acids to make nonessential amino acids Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

35. Protein Metabolism Using amino acids to make other compounds –Neurotransmitters Using amino acids for energy and glucose Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

36. Protein Metabolism Deamination Using amino acids to make fat Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

37. Protein Quality High-quality proteins Digestibility –Animal vs. plant Amino acid composition –Limiting amino acid Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

38. Protein Quality Reference protein Complementary proteins Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

39. Protein Quality PDCAAS –Protein digestibility- corrected amino acid score Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

40. Food Labels Quantity of protein Daily Value –50 g protein 10% of a 2000 kcal diet Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

41. Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Acute PEM Chronic PEM Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

42. Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Marasmus Kwashiorkor Marasmus-kwashiorkor mix Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

45. Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Infections –Dysentery Rehabilitation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

46. Health Effects Heart disease Cancer Adult bone loss –osteoporosis Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

47. Health Effects Weight control Kidney disease Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

48. Recommended Intakes RDA –0.8 g/kg/day –10% - 35% of energy intake Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

49. Recommended Intakes Adequate intake Protein in abundance Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

50. Supplements Protein supplements Amino acid supplements Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

51. Vegetarian Diets Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

52. Vegetarian Diets Health benefits Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

53. Vegetarian Diets Diet planning –Protein Lacto-ovo-vegetarians Meat replacements –Texturized vegetable protein Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

54. Vegetarian Diets Vitamins and minerals –Lactovegetarians –Vegans Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

55. Vegetarian Diets Omega-3 fatty acids Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

56. Vegetarian Diets Vegetarian diets through the life span –Pregnancy and lactation –Infancy –Childhood and adolescence Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

57. Vegetarian Diets Healthy food choices –Macrobiotic diets Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning