1. Parallel Graphics Rendering Matthew Campbell Senior, Computer Science mcampbel@vt.edu

2. Overview Motivation Three categories of parallel rendering Our approach Results Questions

3. Motivation PC graphics cards are getting faster at an exponential rate. PC graphics boards are much cheaper than proprietary SGI hardware. Geforce4 FX = $150.00 (130 Mtris/sec) SGI Onyx 300 = $145,000 (80 Mtris/sec) Maintanance costs are lower Replacement parts are easy to get. PC’s are not as complicated as proprietary hardware.

4. Parallel Rendering String together numerous PC’s with good graphics boards and render the models in parallel. Increased performace Better technology tracking Three groups of algorithms: Sort-First Sort-Middle Sort-Last

5. Rendering Pipeline Transformation stage: Per-Vertex operations Primitive Assembly 3D World Space! Rasterization stage: Per-fragment operations Texture mapping 2D Image Space!

6. Parallel Rendering – Sort Last Sort Last Distribute polygons Round robin distribution resulting in an equal load on each processor. Pass through entire rendering pipeline. Transformation / Rasterization (see last slide) Each CPU now has the entire scene But individual scenes are incomplete Hidden polygons may be visible Solution: Image composition

7. Sort Last – Image Composition The scene at each CPU has a frame buffer with color values for each pixel and a depth buffer with Z values for each pixel. Composition: Given 2 scenes it computes the color of the pixel at each screen coordinate Compare the depth buffer values at each pixel location. The resultant color value is the color of the pixel corresponding to a lower z axis value. Alpha blending is more complex. Why?

8. Sort Last – Image Composition Time complexity of the previous sort algorithm is O(n), which is pretty bad. Can we improve it? Alternate algorithms: Tree composition. Rotating rings. Binary composition.

9. Sort-Last Performance Sort-Last has very high communication bandwidth requirement. Each processor needs to send and receive an entire frame 1280x1024 resolution, 24-bits for color, 16-bits for depth, 30fps = (3.9MB + 2.6MB) * 30 = 196MB/sec bidirectional! Need a very fast network interconnecting the CPUs in the cluster. In actuality, we need more bandwidth, because we haven’t taken into account, the time it takes to render the scene! But.. No overhead for rendering the actual scene!

10. Parallel Rendering – Sort Middle Sort Middle Distribute polygons in a round robin fashion Trap polygons between geometry and rasterization phases Each CPU in the cluster is responsible for a specific region in screen coordinates Calculate the bounding boxes (screen space) for the trapped polygons and redistribute them to the appropriate CPU responsible for the region. Collate Images

11. Parallel Rendering – Sort Middle How do you divide the screen into regions? Strips (either horizontal or vertical) Squares What is the mapping ratio between CPUs and regions? One-to-One: Each CPU manages 1 region One-to-Many: Each CPU manages many regions What about polygons that cross region boundaries? Multiple CPUs render the same polygon.

12. Sort-Middle Performance Load-balancing can be poor. The slowest CPU will block the system from rendering the next scene. Load balancing is highly scene and view dependent. Need adaptive load-balancing schemes. In high polygon count scenes, the size of each polygon can be very small (~1 – 2 pixels). In this case, sort middle requires more bandwidth than sort- last. Communication bandwidth required is dependent on the scene complexity. (Bad)

13. Parallel Rendering – Sort First Sort First Distribute polygons round-robin to all CPUs. Calculate bounding volumes for each polygon Remember, we are still in the world coordinate system. Each CPU is responsible for 1 volume. Redistribute polygons based on bounding volumes. Pass through complete rendering pipeline In the end we have sub-images at each processor. Designate a coordinator node, which receives sub- images from all other processors. Coordinator collates sub-images into the final image.

14. Sort First - Performance Communication bandwidth required is based only on screen space resolution. Example: 4 CPUs, 1024*1024 scene, 32 bits/color The coordinator node receives 1024*1024*24 bits/frame. ~ 3MB. Bandwidth: 90MB/sec for 30 fps. Problem: Similar to sort-middle, load balancing is scene dependent. Bigger issue: Can’t use a one-to-many CPU to region mapping. Or can you?

15. Parallel Rendering Issues Cannot break the rendering pipeline Pipeline is implemented in hardware Therefore, very expensive. Could lead to excessive stalls, cache misses, etc.. Modern graphics cards have large amounts of memory on the board and much faster access times. 8GB/sec vs. 1GB/sec for AGP4x Graphics driver source code is unavailable Additional cost/overhead due to framebuffer accesses.

16. Our Approach High Performance real-time rendering. High scene complexity and/or multiple displays as in a VE. Target: 200-300 million triangles/sec. In comparison the best SGI platform – Reality Monster is capable of 80 million polygons/sec Approach: Distributed Sort-First. Two level sorting. Organize your model in a spatial tree data structure. At run-time compare bounding volumes for interior nodes of the tree. The bounding volume for an interior node is a superset of its children. This minimizes comparisons. Fine pruning based on viewing frustum.

17. Hardware 32 Intel Xeon processor cluster (1.5 GHz processor) 256 MB RDRAM/node (3.2 GB/sec memory bandwidth) Myrinet (4 Gbps) and Fast Ethernet (200 Mbps full-duplex) communication fabrics. 64 bit/66 MHz PCI bus (4 Gbps throughput) 4x AGP (1GB/sec throughput)

18. Software Extensible Parallel 3D Rendering Engine Supports large geometric databases, including standard formats such as 3D Studio Provides an extensible API. Underlying system is based on OpenGL. Based on dynamic shared object model. Dynamic Load Balancing Adaptively resizes volumes assigned to a processor for single display systems. Adaptively changes the number of processors and rendering volumes for multi-display systems.

19. Software Architecture Master-Slave arrangement Multi-threaded Two stage parallel rendering pipeline.

20. Results – Rendering Rate Figure 1: Scalability of our implementation. Actual depicts the performance taking into account triangle overlap among nodes, effective depicts what the system is capable of delivering. Left image uses a real world dataset (LIDAR data). Right image uses a generated dataset to fully exploit the overlap issue.

21. Results – Load Balancing Figure 2: The effects of load balancing on 4 nodes (left) and 16 nodes (right). The graph depicts the individiual frame times for first 100 frames.

22. ?