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UNIT 1 Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things
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Activity 2-1 Observing Plant Growth What happened to the seeds when they were soaked in water? What did you observe inside the “split open” seed? What will happen to the seed as it continues to grow? (Page 55) Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.
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2.1 Plant Cells, Tissues, and Organs Cell Specialization – the process by which cells develop from similar cells into cells that have specific functions within a multicellular organism Cells specialize as a result of producing different proteins. Different genes code for different proteins. Cell Differentiation – a stage of development of a living organism during which specialized cells form. http://genomics.energy.gov (Page 57) Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.
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Specialized Cells and Tissues in Plants Tissue – a cluster of similar cells that share the same specialized structure and function Organ – a combination of several types of tissue working together to perform a specific function Meristematic Cell – an unspecialized plant cell that gives rise to a specific specialized cell (Page 58) Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.
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Specialized Cells and Tissues in Plants (Page 58) Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.
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Click the “Start” button to review plant tissue and cell types. Specialized Cells and Tissues in Plants (Page 58-59) Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.
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Repair, Replacement, and Growth The plant grows upward, “getting taller.” The plant grows outward or “thickens.” “Buds” and “Type of Growth” Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. (Page 59) The chemical Auxin prevents lateral buds from growing by silencing gene expression
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Parts of a Leaf (Pages 60-62) Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.
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Transpiration Transpiration – the evaporation of water from the leaves through the stomata (Page 61) Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.
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Chloroplasts Chloroplasts – the organelles within plant cells that use the Sun’s energy to chemically convert carbon into glucose (called photosynthesis) Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. (Page 63)
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Photosynthesis Review Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.
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Plant Organs 1 – Leaf 2 – Stems A plant’s stem has two main functions: 1. physical support 2. transportation of sap Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. (Page 64)
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3 – Roots A plant’s root has three main functions: 1. to anchor the plant in the ground 2. to take up water and minerals from the soil 3. to store energy and nutrient supplies for later use Types of Roots Tap RootFibrous Root Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. (Page 65)
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Stems and Roots Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. (Pages 64-65)
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4 – Flowers The main function of a plant’s flowers is reproductive. Flowers: produce sperm and eggs for sexual reproduction attract insects and other animals for pollination produce seeds and sometimes fruit after pollination Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. (Page 68)
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Plants Under Attack: “Diseases of Plants” Brown Rust Galls Magnified Rust Spores Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. (Page 66-67)
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Moving Water Through the Systems “The push from below” – Water enters the root by osmosis and moves toward the centre of the root into the xylem vessels. The pericycle prevents the water from moving backward. Root pressure builds up in the xylem and pushes water “up”. Tiny root hairs increase the surface area of the root. Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. (Pages 72-74)
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Moving Water Through the Systems “The pull from above” – While the roots push the water column from below, the leaves pull from above. Transpiration aids in this process. Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. (Pages 72-74) Unique Properties of Water: 1) Cohesion – the ability of water molecules to cling to each other 2) Adhesion – ability of water to stick to other surfaces (e.g. wall of xylem vessel)
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Moving Water Through the Systems Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. (Pages 72-74) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CT4pURpXkbY
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The Movement of Maple Sap In the spring, sucrose from the roots flows “upward” to help produce leaf buds. In the summer and fall, the leaves produce glucose that moves “downward” to be stored in the roots. Glucose Sucrose Starch Glucose Sucrose Starch Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. (Page 75)
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Transport of Sucrose (sugar) Through a Plant Copyright © 2010 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-b6dvKgWBVY
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