1. Kristallnacht (the November Pogroms) in Austria
Stories and Photographs

2. Paul Back with mother, Miriam
Titel: Paul Back with his mother Miriam
Photo taken in: Vienna, Austria
Interview date: 2002

3. Julius Chaimowicz with Twin
Photo title: Julius Chaimowicz and his twin brother Alfred
Photo taken in: Vienna, Austria (1937)
Interview date: 2002

4. Julius Chaimowicz Identity Card
Julius Chaimowicz’s membership card for the swimmers section of the Clermond-Ferrand sports club! March 9, France.

5. Gerda Feldsberg Vienna, Austria
Photo title: Gerda Feldsberg
Photo taken in: Vienna, Austria (1935)
Interview date: 2003

6. Gerda Feldsberg with friends (Mom on left)
Photo title: Gerda Feldsberg with her mother Zerline [Stella] in Votivpark.
Place taken: Vienna, Austria
Interview date: 2003

7. Gerda Feldsberg with parents
Title: Gerda Feldsberg with her mother Zerline [Stella] and her Vater Ernst
Photo taken: Vienna, Austria
Interview: 2003

8. Sophie Hirn with Cousin Leopold Austria
Title: Sophie Engler and her cousin Leopold Engler
Photo taken: Kaltenleutgeben, Austria
Interview: 2003
Sophie Hirn’s maiden name was Engler. Kaltenleugeben is a town in Lower Austria (a state within Austria)

9. Sophie Hirn Title: Sophie Hirn Photo taken: Vienna, Austria
Interview date: 2003
Sophie Hirn’s maiden name was Engler. Kaltenleugeben is a town in Lower Austria (a state within Austria)

10. Sophie Hirn with her Aunt Rosa
Title: Sophie Hirn with her Aunt Rosa Spitzer in Kaltenleutgeben
Photo taken: Kaltenleutgeben, Austria
Interview date: 2003
Sophie Hirn’s maiden name was Engler. Kaltenleugeben is a town in Lower Austria (a state within Austria)

11. Gertrude Kritzer
Photo title: Gertrude Blum
Photo taken in: Tel Aviv (1940)
Time of Interview: 2003


12. Paul Rona
Photo title: Paul Rona 
Photo taken in: Vienna, Austria (1925)
Interview date: 2003


13. Wilhelm Steiner (2nd from right) with Uncle Isidor and his family
Wilhelm Steiner is second from right in this photograph, taken in Szeged, Hungary.
Title: Wilhelm Steiner with Uncle Isidor and his paternal family
Photo taken: Szeged, Hungary
Interview date: 2002

14. What was Kristallnacht?
A wave of violent, anti-Jewish attacks that took place on November 9-10, 1938.
It took place in Germany, annexed Austria and German-occupied Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.
It was instigated mostly by Nazi party officials, members of the SA (Storm Troopers) and Hitler Youth
However, Nazi officials said the riots were the public’s spontaneous response to the shooting death of a German embassy official in Paris by 17 year old Herschel Grynszpan, a Jew.
Information taken from USHMM article on Kristallnacht:

15. What happened on Kristallnacht?
267 synagogues burned and destroyed in Austria, Germany and the Sudetenland; firefighters instructed only to put out fires if spreading to other buildings.
7,5000 Jewish shops were vandalized and looted
SA Storm Troopers invaded Jewish homes, destroyed property, publicly humiliated Jews in the streets
The SS and Gestapo (State Secret Police) arrested 30,000 Jewish males, transferring them to concentration camps
Information taken from USHMM article on Kristallnacht:
NOTE: Please point out to your students that concentration camps are not the same as death camps.

16. The Neue Weltgasse Synagogue Burning Vienna, Austria
The Neue Weltgasse synagogue burns during the Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass") pogrom. Vienna, Austria, November 9, Taken from USHMM website, April 24, 2011.

17. Jewish Cemetery Ceremonial Hall Burning Graz, Austria
Local residents watch the burning of the ceremonial hall at the Jewish cemetery in Graz during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"). Graz, Austria, November 9-10, Taken from USHMM website, April 24, 2011.

18. Seitenstettenstrasse Synagogue Vandalized Vienna, Austria
The holy ark in the sanctuary of the Seitenstetten Street synagogue, demolished during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"). Vienna, Austria, after November 9, Taken from the USHMM website, April 24, 2011.

19. Private Jewish Home after Kristallnacht Destroyed Vienna, Austria
A private Jewish home vandalized during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass" pogrom). Vienna, Austria, November 10, 1938.— Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz Taken from USHMM website, April 24, 2011

20. Private Jewish Home after Kristallnacht Destroyed Vienna, Austria
A private Jewish home vandalized during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass" pogrom). Vienna, Austria, November 10, 1938.— Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz Taken from USHMM website, April 24, 2011.