1. Guess the lesson?

2. Guess the lesson?

3. Guess the lesson?
Bloodborn pathogen

4. Defence Against the Dark Arts
Immunity
AKA
Defence Against the Dark Arts

5. Specification Points:
Keywords???
Specification Points:
2.60 describe how the immune system responds to disease using white blood cells, illustrated by phagocytes ingesting pathogens and lymphocytes releasing antibodies specific to the pathogen
2.61 understand that vaccination results in the manufacture of memory cells, which enable future antibody production to the pathogen to occur sooner, faster and in greater quantity
2.62 understand that platelets are involved in blood clotting, which prevents blood loss and the entry of micro-organisms

6. TASK
BRING A DEVICE THAT YOU CAN DO PROPER RESEARCH ON (ideally not just a phone) TO NEXT LESSON

7. Can you put it in a sentence?
Immunity
What is it?
T/P/S
Can you put it in a sentence?
Wiki:
The ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells.
"immunity to typhoid seems to have increased spontaneously"
Wiki:
The ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells.
"immunity to typhoid seems to have increased spontaneously"

8. Pathogens What are they? Pathogen (disease) Causing organism)
Virus
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Flatworm
Roundworm
Chicken pox
Tuberculosis
ringworm
malaria
bilharzia
elephantitis
The name of the disease causing organism (pathogen) is often different to that of the disease itself

9. The Body’s Defence Specific vs. Non-Specific Cure Prevention
The Body’s Defence
antibodies actively made by the body
physical and chemical barriers, e.g blood clotting
Specific vs. Non-Specific
Cure
Prevention
Prevents pathogens that have entered the body causing harm
Prevents pathogens entering the body
Immune system/leucoytes (phagocytotic & lymphocytes)
Skin, mucus membranes, various other ‘fluids’ & structures

11. Non-specific Defence: Barriers to entry
First line of defence:
skin
Externally covered by keratinised protein of the dead cells - Tough and impervious
Folds in skin with moisture can lead to breaking barrier e.g. athlete’s foot
Diagram not required

13. Clotting Broken cells are detected Enzyme: Fibrinogen  Fibrin
Clotting
Broken cells are detected
Enzyme:
Fibrinogen  Fibrin
Network of fibers trap blood cells, ‘clot’

14. Different defence mechanisms

15. What kind of cell is responsible for our ‘immune system?
White blood cell
Lymphocytes
Phagocytes
Make antibodies!
Pacmen!

16. Attacking microbes 1. Producing antitoxins white blood cell bacterium
Toxins made by pathogens make you feel ill. Antitoxin links to toxin and neutralizes its effect. The toxin is now harmless. This happens on a large scale and reduces the effects of the infection.

17. Antibody Production 2. Release antibodies

18. Attacking Microbes 2. Release antibodies
Antibodies - you can think of them as target specific bombs.
Their shape is important because it fits exactly onto a site on the microbe.
As well as releasing antitoxins, the white blood cell can release proteins called antibodies.

19. Attacking microbes
The antibody attaches to the specific site on the microbe, which leads to its destruction.
attachment site antibody microbe
microbe is destroyed

20. Identify the antigen and antibodySL
Identify the antigen and antibody

21. Matching microbes and antibodies

22. Ingest it
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are a type of leucocyte (white blood cell). They recognise the pathogen after it has been coated by an antibody and destroy it

23. Phagocytes - Phagocytosisv
May release histamine
cellular extensions (pseudopodia) 
internal vesicle (lysosome)
Pathogens antigenic fragments may be presented on surface of macrophage
This mechanism of endocytosis is called phagocytosis ('cell-eating')

25. Immunity PacMan! can eat things tagged with antibodies
Two PACMEN (phagocyte)
can eat things tagged with antibodies
Three + opposing ghosts (bacteria)
You must be tagged – only then you can be destroyed
Three + fruits (lymphocytes)
Can tag the bacteria, making them recognisable to pacmen

26. Immunity PacMan!
PACMEN
Represent?
Role?
What had to happen so they could do their job?
GHOSTS/BAD GUYS
What do the ghosts represent?
3. & 7. What is on them that allows them to be recognised/ destroyed?
FRUIT
8. Represent?
9. Role?
10. What can they make/do to the ghosts to allow them to be destroyed?
KEYWORDS:
Pathogen Phagocyte Lymphocyte Antibody Antigen Toxin Antitoxin Phagocytosis

27. Immunity PacMan!
Phagocytes (white blood cells)
Ingest (not eat) pathogens
Pathogens had to be tagged with antibodies
Pathogens
Damage the body
They are covered in antigens
Antigens had to be tagged with antibodies
Lymphocytes (white blood cells)
Make antibodies and antitoxins in response to antigens on pathogens
Tag the pathogen with an antibody so it can be recognised by the phagocyte
KEYWORDS:
Pathogen Phagocyte Lymphocyte Antibody Antigen Toxin Antitoxin Phagocytosis

29. Antibody Production: SummarySL
Antigen
Macrophage/
Phagocyte
Antigen
Activate
Lymphocyte
(Helper T-cell)
Activate
Lymphocyte
(B-cell)
Clone
Antibody Production:
Summary
Memory
Cell
Plasma Cell
Antibodies

31. SL

32. Homework
Peer marking

33. Defence against disease quiz

34. Your are epidemiologists

35. Submit your report next:
Your Task
In mixed groups of three, you are to research a disease and create a report on its causes, signs, symptoms, effects and treatments. Use your knowledge of the immune system and research you do in groups today. You will each create your own report.
Submit your report next:
10SBi2: Wednesday
10SBi3: Friday

36. An epidemiological report should include see recommended info sources at www.msjoconnor.weebly.com
Grade
What to do
Comment D
General background of disease (e.g. history, significance, discovery) C
General information: Name, disease causing pathogen and signs & symptoms B
How pathogen is transmitted from person to person
How pathogen effects the immune system A
Diagnosis, treatment and how treatment helps combat disease or alleviate the symptoms A*
If there is a vaccine, find out how it works, if not, explain why one does not exist or why it is still being developed
N.B whoever is researching how the pathogen works and the vaccine should watch the video on my website and do some textbook research

37. What have you chosen / learnt so far?

39. Exam Question

40. Vaccination Live pathogen Dead pathogen Weak pathogen
Vaccination
Live pathogen
Dead pathogen
Weak pathogen
Pathogen’s proteins
Lymphocytes respond to antigens
Dead/Weaker pathogen does not produce toxins

41.
Vaccination & Viruses
Viruses are so tiny we can barely see them under a microscope
They are non free-living
Live inside cells
Insert genetic info host cell to make it make more virus particles
They mutate rapidly
Use the information above to explain to the person next to you why it is hard to produce a vaccine for a virus

42. Immunity Using what you know about vaccines: Describe the diagram
Second response to a pathogen
First response to a pathogen
Using what you know about vaccines:
Describe the diagram
Explain what's going on in the diagram

43. Immunity Questions What is an antigen? [2] What is an antibody? [2]
Describe how antibodies produced? [4]
What is a memory cell? [2]
With the aid of a diagram, explain the relationship between antibodies and antigens [3]
How do antibodies kill antigens? [2]
EXT – Use a series of diagrams to explain how the immune system identifies, responds to and kills a pathogen
Keywords:
Antibody, antigen, antitoxin, toxin, lymphocyte, white blood cell, phagocyte, complementary/specific,

44. Immunity Answers
Protein on the outside of a foreign cell that can be recognised as ‘foreign’ and evokes an immune response
A protein produced by leucocytes (B lymphocytes, plasma cells) in response to an antigen
When a lymphocyte comes into contact with a pathogen its antibodies bind with its antigens (if they are complementary). The lymphocyte then divides by mitosis to make many cells that will produce the antibody. These cells are short lived but some cells will become memory cells which can survive for years
Memory cells are a type of lymphocyte that is produced during the first immune response to a pathogen. They live for years and are responsible for the ‘immunity’ we develop after we have had a disease.
Labelled diagram (antigen, antibody, pathogen, white blood cell (lymphocyte))
Antibody bind to antigens on the surface of pathogen. Antibodies kill pathogen directly or coat it so it can be recognised and destroyed by phagocytes

45. MMR Exam Question MMR Ben Goldacre
Once upon a time:

48. Immunity Questions What is an antigen? [2] What is an antibody? [2]
Describe how antibodies produced? [4]
What is a memory cell? [2]
With the aid of a diagram, explain the relationship between antibodies and antigens [3]
How do antibodies kill antigens? [2]
EXT – Use a series of diagrams to explain how the immune system identifies, responds to and kills a pathogen
Keywords:
Antibody, antigen, antitoxin, toxin, lymphocyte, white blood cell, phagocyte, complementary/specific,

49. Immunity Questions What is an antigen? [2] What is an antibody? [2]
Describe how antibodies produced? [4]
What is a memory cell? [2]
With the aid of a diagram, explain the relationship between antibodies and antigens [3]
How do antibodies kill antigens? [2]
EXT – Use a series of diagrams to explain how the immune system identifies, responds to and kills a pathogen
Keywords:
Antibody, antigen, antitoxin, toxin, lymphocyte, white blood cell, phagocyte, complementary/specific,