1. The Goals of Science – The physical universe is a system composed of parts and processes that interact. All objects in the universe, and all interactions among those objects, are governed by universal natural laws. –provide natural explanations for events in the natural world through observation. –Science also aims to use those explanations to understand patterns in nature –make useful predictions about natural events.

2. Learning about science means understanding what we know… and what we don’t know. Science rarely“ proves” anything in absolute terms. Scientists aim for the best understanding of the natural world that current methods can reveal. Scientists propose explanations that are based on evidence, not belief. Then they test those explanations with more evidence.

3. Scientific Methodology: The Heart of Science –What procedures are at the core of scientific methodology? – Scientific methodology involves observing and asking questions, making inferences and forming hypotheses, conducting controlled experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.

4. Common Theory vs Scientific Theory a hunch or guess. What a scientist would call a hypothesis. A well tested explanation that ties together many hypotheses allowing scientist to make accurate predictions about new situations.

5. There are six steps to the scientific Method

6. Use your senses to find out what’s going on. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 5Step 4 Step 6 Make ObservationsState the ProblemForm a Hypothesis Make a ConclusionRecord &Analyze Experiment

7. Use your senses to find out what’s going on. What is it that you don’t like Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 5Step 4 Step 6 Make ObservationsState the ProblemForm a Hypothesis Make a ConclusionRecord &Analyze Experiment

8. . Use your senses to find out what’s going on. What is it that you don’t like Use IF to tell what to do to solve the problem and THEN to state what you think will happen Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 5Step 4 Step 6 Make ObservationsState the ProblemForm a Hypothesis Make a ConclusionRecord &Analyze Experiment

9. Use your senses to find out what’s going on. What is it that you don’t like Use IF to tell what to do to solve the problem and THEN to state what you think will happen Perform your hypothesis Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 5Step 4 Step 6 Make ObservationsState the Problem Form a Hypothesis Make a ConclusionRecord &Analyze Experiment

10. Use your senses to find out what’s going on. What is it that you don’t like Write or chart what happened Perform your hypothesis Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 5Step 4 Step 6 Make ObservationsState the ProblemForm a Hypothesis Make a ConclusionRecord &Analyze Experiment

11. Use your senses to find out what’s going on. What is it that you don’t like Did the experiment support the hypothesis Write or chart what happened Perform your hypothesis Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 5Step 4 Step 6 Make ObservationsState the ProblemForm a Hypothesis Make a ConclusionRecord &Analyze Experiment

12. Where do maggots come from? In the past people did not know. Some thought they just appeared spontaneously without any cause…Were they right? How could you find out?

13. List and label the IV, independent variable or (manipulated variable) in Redi’s experiment.

14. Independent Variables = IV (manipulated variables) (do their own thing…What’s different?) Gauze covering added to 1 set of jars keeps flies away from meat is different. next

15. What would the DV, dependent variable in Reddi’s experiment be? (the response to the the IV)

16. DV = response to the IV : whether or not the maggots appear What would the DV, dependent variable be? (the response to the the IV)

17. Control Variables (Stay the same) jars, type of meat, location, temperature, time Independent or Manipulated Variables : (do their own thing…What’s different?) gauze covering that keeps flies away from meat. DV= responding Variable: whether maggots appear next

18. What does a scientist do if the experiment refutes the hypothesis (does not support the hypothesis)? 1.Check that they did the experiment correctly. 2.Check the hypothesis

19. This summer did you put on sun block and still get a sunburn? How could we use the scientific method to test if sun block reduces UV exposure?

20. How do you know there is a problem. What is it that you don’t like Did the experiment support the hypothesis Write or chart what happened Perform your hypothesis Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 5Step 4 Step 6 Make ObservationsState the ProblemForm a Hypothesis Make a ConclusionRecord &Analyze Experiment UV radiation causes sunburn

21. How do you know there is a problem. What is it that you don’t like Did the experiment support the hypothesis Write or chart what happened Perform your hypothesis Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 5Step 4 Step 6 Make ObservationsState the ProblemForm a Hypothesis Make a ConclusionRecord &Analyze Experiment UV radiation causes sunburn Sunburn leads to skin cancer time no block block

22. Use your senses to find out what’s going on. What is it that you don’t like Did the experiment support the hypothesis Write or chart what happened Perform your hypothesis Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 5Step 4 Step 6 Make ObservationsState the ProblemForm a Hypothesis Make a ConclusionRecord &Analyze Experiment UV radiation causes sunburn Sunburn leads to skin cancer If I use sun block then I won’t get as much UV radiation time no block block

23. OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat. HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots. PROCEDURE Controlled Variables: jars, type of meat, location, temperature, time Manipulated or Independent Variables: gauze covering that keeps flies away from meat Uncovered jarsCovered jars Several days pass Maggots appearNo maggots appear Responding or Dependent Variable: whether maggots appear CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur. Section 1-2 Go to Section: The Scientific Method changes just 1 variable at a time. Change just 1 thing in your sun block experiment.

24. Use your senses to find out what’s going on. What is it that you don’t like Did the experiment support the hypothesis Write or chart what happened How many seconds did it take your bead ___ Perform your hypothesis Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 5Step 4 Step 6 Make ObservationsState the ProblemForm a Hypothesis Make a ConclusionRecord &Analyze Experiment UV radiation causes sunburn Expose 2 UV sensitive beads to UV after coating one bead with sun block Sunburn leads to skin cancer If I use sun block then I won’t get as much UV radiation time no block block

25. Use your senses to find out what’s going on. What is it that you don’t like Did the experiment support the hypothesis Write or chart what happened How many seconds did it take your bead ___ Perform your hypothesis Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 5Step 4 Step 6 Make ObservationsState the ProblemForm a Hypothesis Make a ConclusionRecord &Analyze Experiment UV radiation causes sunburn Expose 2 UV sensitive beads to UV after coating one bead with sun block Sunburn leads to skin cancer I don’t want to burn If I use sun block then I won’t get as much UV radiation # changed/time no block block I V DV

26. Use your senses to find out what’s going on. What is it that you don’t like Did the experiment support the hypothesis Write or chart what happened How many seconds did it take your bead ___ Perform your hypothesis Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 5Step 4 Step 6 Make ObservationsState the ProblemForm a Hypothesis Make a ConclusionRecord &Analyze Experiment UV radiation causes sunburn Expose 2 UV sensitive beads to UV after coating one bead with sun block Sunburn leads to skin cancer I don’t want to burn If I use sun block then I won’t get as much UV radiation #Changed/time DV no block block I V Yes… it took longer to get the same UV exposure with sun block

27. When starting an experiment design a Data Table to record your observations in a useable way. The first column of a data table uses the independent variable as it’s heading. The dependent variable is the heading for next column.

28. Make a linear graph of the results over time. fill 2 lines, one for sun block and another for no sun block Include the following Full Title Label for the X & Y axis Key for colors or shapes for block & no block No block Sun block Independent Variable (manipulated) Dependent Variable (Responding) # of beads that changed Time till# beads changed

29. The title for an experiment states the Affect of the IV on the DV The Affect of Sun Block on Exposure to UV Radiation

30. This is the process that all scientists follow so their experiments are documented and repeatable… even though decades or centuries may have passed.