1. LRC-XI-11th Annual Internationalisation and Localisation Conference
A Paper On Automating the HTML Localisation Process: An Implementation Using a Java Internationalisation Approach
Presented By:
Prof. Manikrao L. Dhore
Mr. Abhishek K. Dhote
Department of Computer Engineering
Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune, India
Organised By:
Localisation Research Centre (LRC),
Department of Computer Science and Information Systems (CSIS),
University of Limerick,Limerick,Ireland.

2. Agenda Introduction System Design
Why Web Page Localisation?
Borderless Integration
Why Multilingual Web Sites?
What is Locale and multi-locale Operation?
Internationalisation and Key Challenges
I18n Standard: Important Issues and Business Context
Variance : Regional and Cultural Issues
System Design
Web Localisation and Rural India
Localization Approaches
Architecture of Servers
System Implementation and Test Results
Configuration of Server
Localisation Test Results
Alternative Approach
Conclusion
References

3. Why Web Page Localisation?
International Market and Customers
Service
Sector
Web
Localisation
Online
Business
Internet
Increased Sales Leads
Advantage of Global growth
Reduce Marketing Costs
Information
Repository
Banking
Sector
Open
Linguistic
Barriers
Closed
Linguistic
Barriers
Objective
Information Convenience

4. Borderless Integration
Model
Business
Process
Local
Business
Entities
Customer
Integration
Logic
Resource
Mapping
Global
Global
Integration
Deployment
Business
Logic
Market
Research
Analyse
Optimize
Process
Internet Framework

5. Why Multilingual Websites?
Over 100 million people access the Internet in a language other than
English.
Over 50% of web users speak native language other than English
According to Forrester research, 50% of all online sales are expected
to occur outside USA.
Web users are four times more likely to purchase from a site that
communicates in the customer’s native language.
“Your website is your window to the world…”

6. Basic Terminology Locale Internationalisation Localisation
Set of features that can be varied depending on the language and culture of the user or the data
Internationalisation
The process of designing software so that it can be easily adapted to different locales
Localisation
The process of adapting software to a locale

7. What is Locale?
A locale is an abstraction: a data processing structure that identifies a
collection of culturally and linguistically affected preferences.
Java locales are associated with upwards of 300 pieces of data
time zone names
collation sequences
the infinity symbol
Number formats
Days of the week
Locales generally do not contain this data themselves. They represent a way of obtaining “localized behavior” in the system.
Locales are generally part of the programming context or environment.

8. Multi-Locale Operation
Server
Processes
Message
Passing
Logic
Execution
Client
Locale
System
Context
Context
Separation
Message
Passing
Logic
Execution
Client
Locale
Design
Policy
APIs provide late binding localisation

9. Internationalisation
"I18n" is an abbreviation for the word "Internationalisation". The term "i18n" is derived from its spelling as the letter "i" plus 18 letters plus the letter "n".
I+n1t2e3r4n5a6t7i8o9n10a11l12i13s14a15t16i17o18+n
The extension of this naming convention to the terms Localisation (l10n), Europeanisation (e13n), Japanisation (j10n), Globalisation (g11n), seemed to come somewhat after the invention of "i18n".
Potentially handle multiple languages, customs in the world
Displaying/ Inputting characters for the users' native languages.
Handling popular encoding for the users' native languages.
Native characters for file names and other items.
Character classification & sorting.
Typesetting and hyphenation rules.

10. Locale and Parameterisation
Key Challenges
Unicode support and implementation
Use of language specific encoding
Configuring encoding
Encoding and Character Set
Availability, Performance
Continuity of i18n features
Translation
Locale and Parameterisation
UI design
Handling collation
Migration of existing data
Presentation, Processing
Standards
Data Correspondence
Reference Information

11. Important Issues in I18n Currency Language rules UI preferences
Localization
Culture context
Date/Time
Character encodings
Business impact
Content management

12. Internationalisation
Business Context of I18n
Internationalisation
Old
Application
New
Product
To improve effectiveness of globally distributed business users by providing language/culture specific application/product/service interfaces
To reach out to global customer base by providing language/culture specific interfaces and allow for international preferences.
Mergers / Acquisitions.
To consolidate same functionality application/service developed and maintained separately for separate language/region.
To support region specific functionality (due to legal aspects, financial practice etc.).
To provide region specific value added services (like UI, look and feel, Sorting/Searching).
Service
Existing

13. Regional and Cultural Differences
Software solutions should be designed to fit into the cultural context of the user
Examples
Naming of the product
Differences in the meanings of jargons
Confusing graphical symbols
National rules, conventions
Religious beliefs and assumptions
Basic cultural values and customs
No appropriate translations available for phrases and slogans
Favorite sports and slangs
cultural anachronisms
Reading left-to-right, top-to-bottom etc…
Cultural context: far more than just language and notational conventions…basic language to slang, national conventions etc.
Most companies outsource localization of their products to the local market to fit into the cultural context of the user.

14. Language and Character Encoding
Language peculiarities
Hyphenation
Collation
Spelling
Transliteration
English: ABC...RSTUVWXYZ
German: AÄB...NOÖ...SßTUÜV…YZ
Swedish/Finnish: AB...STUVWXYZÅÄÖ
Norwegian: AB…VWXYÜZÆØÅ
There are various “standards” and they are varied for different languages
ISO standards: ISO ,2,3,4,5,6,7, Windows-1252
Chinese encodings: Big5, Big5-HKCS, GB18030, GB2312
Japanese and Korean: EUC-JP,EUC-KR, ISO-2022-JP, ISO-2022-KR

15. Unicode Character Standard
Developed by the Unicode Consortium
Covers all major living scripts
Version 4.0 has 96,000+ characters
Capacity for 1 million+ characters
Unicode Character Set = ISO 10646
Unicode adds character properties and algorithms
ISO and Unicode work together to synchronize
ISO support enhances international acceptance

16. Date / Time Formats Variance
Locale
Example
Format
U. S. A.
2/16/05
mdy, /
France
dmy, .
dmy, -
CJKT
2005/2/16
ymd, /
Japan
17/2/16
¥md, /
Hour minute separators,AM,PM,TimeZone
India : 4:00 P.M.
U.S.A. : 4:00 p.m.
France : 16.00
Japan : 1600
Japan : 4:00
Dates and Times use different formats around the world.
In Japan, if AM (Gozen) or PM (Gogo) are used, they are positioned before the time not after it.
There is more information on Japanese Emperor dates at

17. Numbers / Currency Variance
Varieties in group and fractional separators
India : 12,34,567.89
England : 12,345.67
Germany : ,67
Switzerland: 12’345,67
Swiss money: 12’345.67
France : ,67
Varieties in symbol placement, symbol length, precision, number width, rounding rules
India : Rs. 12,34, ; Re. 1
U.S.A : US $1,234,567.89
France : ,67 €
Portuguese : $34ESC
Portuguese : $34€

18. System Design

19. Indian Languages Profile

20. Percentage Languages Usage Index
Data Source : 2001 Census of India
Number
Percentage
Hindi
337,272,114
40.22%
Bengali
69,595,738
8.30%
Telugu
66,017,615
7.87%
Marathi
62,481,681
7.45%
Tamil
53,006,368
6.32%
Urdu
43,406,932
5.18%
Gujarati
40,673,814
4.85%
Kannada
32,753,676
3.91%
Malayalam
30,377,176
3.62%
Oriya
28,061,313
3.35%
Punjabi
23,378,744
2.79%
Assamese
13,079,696
1.56%
Sindhi
2,122,848
0.25%
Nepali
2,076,645
Konkani
1,760,607
0.21%
Manipuri
1,270,216
0.15%
Kashmiri
56,693
0.01%
Sanskrit
49,736
Other Languages
31,142,376
3.71%
Total :
838,583,988
100.00%
Language

21. Indian Currency Example
Indian Currency (Value Rs. 10)
Population resides in villages of India : 70%
Total number of Languages in India : 40
Official Languages : 22
Language Panel
Overall Literacy Rate : %
English Language Literacy : %
15 major Indian Languages

22. Information Channelisation
Internationalisation
Prepare material for localisation
(account for text expansion, avoid embedded text..)
Text Extraction
Extract text from source
Files (graphics, PDFs etc.)
Translation
Translate content from
Extracted materials
Localisation
Replace graphics, change colors, redesign layout to accommodate target culture.

23. Web page is “dynamically” converted into target language
Localisation Process
Web page is “dynamically” converted into target language
Language
selection
Static web page
is selected and
displayed
Translation
Localisation
Site Acceptance Factors
Color
Image
Representation
Translation Errors
Text Placement in Separate File
Late
Binding
Mapping
Techniques

24. Server Architecture Client Browser_1 S O C K E T Client A Browser_2 P
Default Alternative Language Response
Localised
Content
Client
Browser_2
Parse
Request
Module
HTML
Server
Client
Browser_3
Client
Browser_n
Property
File

25. Implementation: Parse Request Module
Definition
To parse the request header
Responsibilities
To analyze and forward the request
Provide log to the administrator
Compositions
Main server loop
Threads
Interfaces/Ports
Socket APIs

26. Parse Request Module Architecture
Main
Server
Loop
Thread 1
Thread 2
Thread 3
Thread 4
Thread 5
Thread n

27. HTML Server Definition Responsibilities Compositions Interfaces/Ports
Default implementation of HTTP protocol
Processes static HTML requests
Responsibilities
Process static HTML request
Process dynamic Internationalisation request
Compositions
Server Processes
Interfaces/Ports
Socket APIs

28. HTML Server Architecture
Parse Protocol
GET/POST
Default
Language
Alternative
Static
Response
GET Request Processor
POST Request Processor
.properties

29. System Implementation and Test Results

30. Java Support for Internationalisation
The Locale class lets applications identify locales, allowing for truly multilingual applications.
The ResourceBundle class provides the foundation for localisation, including localization for multiple locales in a single application container.
The Date, Calendar, and TimeZone classes provide the basis for time handling around the globe.
The String and Character classes as well as the java.text package contain rich functionality for text processing, formatting, and parsing.
Text stream input and output classes support converting text between Unicode and other character encoding.

31. Conversion Process
Character conversion is a pretty straightforward process as long as there is a one-to-one mapping between sequences of Unicode characters on one side and sequences of bytes in another encoding on the other side, and the input only consists of characters or bytes that have mappings.
The reality is :
A single character in a non-Unicode encoding may have multiple equivalent representations (say, a precomposed character and a sequence of base character and combining mark).
A character in one encoding may not have an equivalent in the other encoding.
An invalid sequence of bytes or characters may show up in the input.

32. Process: Configure Server

33. Process: Register

34. Process: Log

35. Process: Localise Servlet

36. Web Page in English with IE

37. Web Page in Spanish with IE

38. Web Page in Dutch with IE

39. Web Page in French with IE

40. Web Page in Italian with IE

41. Web Page in Portuguese with IE

42. Web Page in German with IE

43. Web Page in English with IE

44. Web Page in Marathi with IE

45. Conclusion
The Java Localisation API`s come in handy to dynamically localise the web page into alternative languages
The rich set of Java class libraries such as java.util.ResourceBundle and java.util.Locale provide an efficient approach to work with locale specific information
More manageable workspace for users in native language
Regional Settings, Colour, Image representation not disturbed
Improves effectiveness of globally distributed business users by providing language/culture specific application/product/service interfaces
Supports region specific functionality (due to legal aspects, financial practice etc.).
Provides region specific value added services (like UI, look and feel, Sorting/Searching). consolidate same functionality application/service developed and maintained separately for separate language/region.

46. References [1]. Fernandez, N. C. (2000), Web Site Localisation and
Internationalisation: A Case study, published, City University
[2]. Khachane, J, (2005), Web Page Localisation, published Pune
University
[3]. DEPALMA, D.A. (1999), Strategies for Global Sites, Forrester
Research Inc, May 1998 and The eBusiness Report. In: eMarketer
[4]. ROCHE, M. (2000) Managing Multilingual Web Applications.
16th International Unicode Conference, Amsterdam
[5]. NIELSEN, J. (1999) Designing Web Usability, Indianapolis:
New Riders Publishing
[6]. Deitsch, Loukides, M, Java Internationalisation