1. AP Biology Discussion Notes Thursday 9/11/2014

2. Goals for Today 1. Be able to define functional groups and understand the difference they can make in a molecule. 2.Be able to describe the way that polymers and built and taken apart 3.Be able to describe the characteristics of Lipids & Carbohydrates.

3. Question of the Day 9/11/2014 What are proteins made of? What are __________ made of? (2 key parts)

4. Amino Acids - building blocks of proteins Amine Group Carboxyl Group “AMINO” End “ACID” End

5. Organic Chemistry - the chemistry of _________ All organic compounds contain: ____

6. Organic Chemistry - the chemistry of Life All organic compounds contain carbon, but not all carbon-containing compounds are organic!

7. Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks These small building-block molecules are called monomers Three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers –Carbohydrates –Proteins –Nucleic acids © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. A dehydration synthesis occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis, a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. Animation: Polymers Right-click slide / select “Play”

10. Figure 5.2a (a) Dehydration reaction: synthesizing a polymer Short polymer Unlinked monomer Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond. Longer polymer 1 2 3 4 1 2 3

11. Figure 5.2b (b) Hydrolysis: breaking down a polymer Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond. 1 2 3 4 1 2 3

12. The Diversity of Polymers Each cell has thousands of different macromolecules (ex. Proteins) How are so many proteins built with so few (~___) monomers? HO

13. Carbohydrate building

14. Functional Groups Functional Groups are “appendages”, or “add-ons” that are found on lots of organic molecules. Each one has specific properties.

15. Species of the Day 9/8: Milkweed Tussock Moth Caterpillar : Euchaetes egle. Through what process are the proteins in this caterpillar broken down? Through what process are the proteins reformed into the proteins of the moth?

16. Species of the Day 9/11: -.-.

17. Monarch: Danaus plexippus. Monarch caterpillars feed on Milkweed plants which contain high levels of cardenolides, a steroid toxin. This chemical acts as an non-competitive inhibitor of sodium/potassium enzyme pumps in animal cell membranes. What kind of enzyme is the sodium potassium pump?