1. 1 Review Describe the process scientists use to copy DNA Use Analogies How is genetic engineering like computer programming 2 Review What is a transgenic organism Compare and Contrast Compare the transformation of a plant cell with the transformation of an animal cell 3 Practice Design an experiment to find a way to treat disorders caused by a single gene. State your hypothesis and list the steps you would follow

2. Ch 15 Genetic Engineering
15.2 Recombinant DNA

3. Suppose you have an electronic game you want to change
Game depends on a coded program in a computer microchip
Need to remove the program, change the code and put the modified chip back
Same for genetic engineering.

4. Copy DNA Easy to extract DNA Cut using restriction enzymes
Use gel electrophoresis.

5. Douglas Prasher wanted to find a jellyfish gene called green fluorescent protein (GFP)
Protein it makes absorbs energy from light and makes parts of the jellyfish glow
Looked at amino acid sequence protein and predicted mRNA

6. Cut up jellyfish DNA with restriction enzymes
Added his mRNA prediction
DNA piece with actual gene on in bonded to the mRNA
Southern Blot test
Technique to find specific DNA sequence by using a segment of nucleic acid.

8. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Technique to make many copies of a DNA segment or gene
1. A piece of DNA is heated, which separates its two strands.

9. 2. At each end a known primer is added
Allows DNA polymerase a place to begin.

10. 3. DNA polymerase copies the region between the primers
These copies then serve as templates for more copies
4. A few dozen cycles of replication can produce billions of copies of the DNA.

11. Recombinant DNA
DNA produced from combining DNA from different organisms.

12. Scientists can produce custom-built DNA molecules and insert them into living cells
DNA synthesizers
Make short pieces of DNA
Synthetic sequences can be joined to natural sequences using DNA ligase
Enzyme that spices DNA together.

13. Cut DNA using restriction enzyme
Results in a chunk of DNA with a sticky end
Cut another DNA molecule with the same restriction enzyme
Sticky ends from the two different molecules can be joined with DNA ligase.

14. Plasmids Small circular DNA molecules in bacteria
Add DNA to plasmid and then the bacteria it is located in will duplicate itself and the added DNA.

15. Plasmids used for genetic engineering contain a start signal - origin of replication (ori), and a restriction enzyme cutting site, such as EcoRI.

17. Genetic Marker
Gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid from those that don’t.

18. In addition to added gene, add a genetic marker such as antibiotic resistance genes tetr and ampr
Grow bacteria in a dish treated with antibiotics and those who survive have the genes.

19. Transgenic Organisms Organism that has genes from another speices
Produced using recombinant DNA.

20. Transgenic Plants
Many plant cells can be transformed using Agrobacterium
Normally causes plant tumors
Deactivate tumor producing gene and replace it with the gene you want to add to the plant
Bacteria infects plant cells
Culture those plant cells into adult plants that have the DNA you added.

22. Transgenic Animals Can use same techniques as plants
Some egg cells are large enough to inject DNA directly into the nucleus
Also able to remove particular genes through a similar process.

23. Clone
Member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
Single cell from an adult organism used to grow an entirely new individual that is genetically identical to the organism from which the cell was taken
1952 tadpoles
1997 Dolly.

24. Nuclear Transplantation
Nucleus of an unfertilized egg is removed
Egg cell is fused with a donor cell that contains a nucleus from an adult you want cloned
Diploid egg develops into an embryo, which is then implanted in the uterine wall of a foster mother, where it develops until birth
Nuclear Transfer is similar.

27. Inserting Genetic Markers
Write a random DNA sequence on a long strip of paper to represent an organism’s genome
Have your partner write a short DNA sequence on a short strip of paper to represent a marker gene
Using the chart provided, work with your partner to figure out how to insert the marker gene into the genome

28. Inserting Genetic Markers
Apply Concepts Which restriction enzyme did you use- why
Use Models What kind of molecule did you and your partner develop