1. 5 th Annual Meeting of the African Science Academy Development Initiative November 10-11 2009 Accra, Ghana

2. Dr James Tibenderana Interim Head Uganda Malaria Research Centre And Director Case Management Malaria Consortium Email: j.tibenderana@malariaconsortium.org

3. Outline of presentation Set the stage to illustrate a case of translating knowledge into action Describe the intervention/s used for knowledge translation Illustrate the national and media interest in DDT Describe a framework of the knowledge transfer process and contextualise to this case Relevance of the consensus report

4. A case of knowledge into action

5. The national context High burden of malaria High under-five mortality (137 deaths per 1000 live births; Millennium Development Goal of 56 per 1000 live births by 2015). Estimated 188,000 under-five deaths in 2006, the 5th highest in Africa (tied with Tanzania) – after Nigeria, DR Congo, Ethiopia and Angola. More than three quarters (76%) of this mortality is due to preventable or easily treatable infection (malaria 23%, pneumonia 21%, and diarrhoea 17%) Political pressure to reduce the burden of malaria Increasing funding for malaria control e.g. Global Fund (inception 2002), President’s Malaria Initiative (launched 2005) and from GoU Multi-prong approach to malaria prevention and control

6. Source: Malaria Consortium

7. The national context Ministry of Health - Uganda Decision taken to use Dichlorodiphenytrichloroethane (DDT) as one of the insecticides for Indoor residual Spraying (IRS) but environmentalists against this General public Protagonists believe that DDT is the magic bullet whereas antagonists against the idea because of the effects on the environment and organic food exports National research community Lack of consensus as to whether to use DDT or not

8. The problem Lack of (accessible) Evidence Lack of Knowledge No consensus

9. Taking on the challenge “In September 2006, UNAS held a workshop on Malaria Control and Prevention: Strategies and Policy Issues. The findings of the workshop summary report served as the basis on which the UNAS executive council selected the topic for their first consensus study addressing malaria vector resistance to insecticides used for indoor residual spraying in Uganda.” UNAS brochure

10. Intervention Consensus study (July 2007) comprising Committee of nine multi-disciplinary experts (national, regional and international) Committee of ten reviewers (mirror composition of above) Use clear statement of task to identify, review and assess the current state of knowledge and policies pertinent to monitoring malaria vector resistance in the context of an effective national program for IRS with DDT for controlling malaria Recommend best practices for the effective use of DDT and other malaria vector insecticides for use in Uganda that take into consideration insecticide susceptibility Dissemination of report targeting key stakeholders

11. Output of interest Malaria Mosquito Alert Approaches to assessing and managing malaria vector resistance to insecticides used for IRS in Uganda – contributing to a National IRS strategy © 2008 Uganda National Academy of Sciences

12. National and media attention

15. Malaria eradication – political capital

16. February 2009, 12 months after UNAS report completed

17. Knowledge transfer components (1) problem identification and communication; (2) knowledge/research development and selection; (3) analysis of context; (4) knowledge transfer activities or interventions; (5) knowledge/research utilization. Source: Ward, V., A. House, et al. (2009). "Developing a framework for transferring knowledge into action: a thematic analysis of the literature." J Health Serv Res Policy 14(3): 156-64.

18. Conceptual framework of the knowledge transfer process Source: Ward 2009

19. Behaviour change Attention on one insecticide Less attention to one specific insecticide Understanding of IRS as an approach Rational use of insecticides in IRS Access to reliable evidence Willingness to accept evidence Evidence synthesis into guidelines Guidelines implementation Available financial and human resources Malaria alert Targeted dissemination Insecticide resistance monitoring occurs Knowledge Actions

20. What happened to DDT? Since 2006, IRS used in 9 of 81 districts DDT used in 2 of 9 districts in 2008 No DDT use after high court case in June 2008; judgement in favour of MoH in May 2009 but now case is with the constitutional court Susceptibility testing in 6 districts between Aug and Oct 2009 funded by PMI Preliminary results in discussion with MoH

21. Relevance of the report “The report was the first published document to highlight the possibility of DDT resistance in the country” “It was a useful document to convince the decision makers of the need to monitor insecticide resistance” Expert Malariologist, Uganda

22. Is it time for an evaluation of the impact of the report?

23. Report recommendations moving into action 1a: Previously conducted susceptibility tests carried out in 2005 and 2006 should be confirmed……. 2: The MoH should carry out a baseline assessment of key entomological variables such as mosquito species and biting behaviour ….. 3: In selecting insecticides for IRS, the MoH should be guided by the ITS policy and the strategy for insecticide resistance management….. Cause-effect association not verified

24. In summary – an example of KT Steps in knowledge transfer Step 1 – the “what” Step 2 – “to whom” Step 3 – “by whom” Step 4 – “how” Step 5 – “with what effect” Sources: WHO (2004). World Report on Knowledge for Better Health - Strengthening Health Systems. Geneva, World Health Organisation. Lavis, J. N., D. Robertson, et al. (2003). "How can research organizations more effectively transfer research knowledge to decision makers?" Milbank Q 81(2): 221- 48, 171-2.

25. Acknowledgements Members of the expert committee Nelson Musoba Maureen Coetzee Benson Estambale Charlotte Muheki Zikusooka Jessica Nsungwa-Sabiiti John Bahana Mary Hamel Allan Schapira UNAS council and staff