1. TRP Chapter 2.2 1 Chapter 2.2 Generation, sources and types of hazardous wastes

2. TRP Chapter 2.2 2 The need for information Need to identify: generators hazardous waste quantities types current treatment and disposal methods

3. TRP Chapter 2.2 3 Hazardous waste generators All industries generate some hazardous waste The largest quantities come from five sectors: Chemical and pharmaceutical manufacture Metals refining Petroleum and coal products Metal working and fabrication Rubber and plastics manufacture

4. TRP Chapter 2.2 4 Some common wastes and industrial sources Flammable eg solvents - from chemical manufacturers, laundries & dry cleaners, metal plating, tanneries, print shops etc Corrosive eg acids and alkalis - from cleaning & maintenance, equipment repair, vehicle body shops etc Reactive eg bleaches and oxidisers - from chemical manufacturers, laboratories etc Toxic and eco-toxic eg heavy metals, pesticides, cyanides from metals manufacturing, photographic processing, pesticide end users etc

5. TRP Chapter 2.2 5 Waste generating industries Large quantity generators: > 1000kg /month eg pharmaceutical companies Medium quantity generators: 100 - 1000kg/month eg laboratories, printers Small quantity generators: <100kg/month eg dental surgeries, photographic processors

6. TRP Chapter 2.2 6 Small and medium scale industries In developing economies, these often predominate Typically they have: –low level of technology –unskilled management –unspecialised workers –lack of modernisation –poor environmental performance SMIs may account for one third of the total hazardous wastes generated There are high risks from occupational and environmental exposure

7. TRP Chapter 2.2 7 The dirty dozen tanneries textile dyeing plants dyestuff producers metal working and electroplating shops foundries automobile service shops and gas stations lead-acid battery manufacturing/recycling chemical industries/laboratories paint shops printers photographic processors dry cleaners

8. TRP Chapter 2.2 8 Small scale industries in developing economies 1: Mumbai, India

9. TRP Chapter 2.2 9 Small scale industries in developing economies 2: Harare, Zimbabwe Metals fabricating, metal products and engineering 25% Transport and garaging 20% Textiles and clothing manufacture 13% Paper and printing 9% Chemical industries 6%

10. TRP Chapter 2.2 10 Small scale industries in developing economies 3: Leon, Mexico Estimated total annual waste load produced by the tanneries of Leon

11. TRP Chapter 2.2 11 Small scale industries in developing economies 4: Lima, Peru Textile weaving and dyeing Tanneries Clothing and shoe manufacture Metal products including electroplating Print shops Furniture making & wood preserving

12. TRP Chapter 2.2 12 Some types of waste associated with different industries Chemical manufacturers Chemical process wastes Acids and alkalis Spent solvents Reactive wastes Discarded commercial chemical products Construction industry Paint wastes Spent solvents Strong acids and bases Vehicle maintenance shops Paint wastes Used oils Spent solvents Acids and alkalis Furniture and wood manufacturing and refinishing Spent solvents Paint wastes

13. TRP Chapter 2.2 13 Non-industrial waste sources Used motor oils Used car batteries Redundant agricultural pesticides and containers Surplus paints and solvents Medical and health care wastes Some examples include:

14. TRP Chapter 2.2 14 Health care wastes Diverse mixture of sources and waste types doctors’ surgeries hospitals clinics Only a small fraction pose risk - this can be minimised by: Classification of wastes into groups which can be treated similarly Segregation of wastes - non-risk waste should be disposed of with municipal waste Safe storage Treatment to reduce the pathogen content of waste nursing homes dental surgeries veterinary practices

15. TRP Chapter 2.2 15 Some typical household hazardous wastes Vehicle maintenance items eg antifreeze, brake fluid Cleaning products eg drain cleaners, spot removers, toilet cleaners, chlorine bleach, oven cleaners Cosmetics eg nail polish and remover Fire extinguishers Pet care products eg Flea collars and sprays Garden products eg herbicides, lawn chemicals, pesticides Insecticides and insect repellent Home care products eg paint and paint stripper, wood stains, solvents, swimming pool chemicals Prescription drugs

16. TRP Chapter 2.2 16 Average hazardous household waste composition Household maintenance items (paints, solvents, adhesives) 36.6% 63% Household batteries 18.6 %* Cosmetics (inc nail polish & removers) 12.1% - Cleaners (inc polishes, oven cleaners) 11.5% 3% Automotive items (mostly motor oil) 10.5% 27% Garden items (inc pesticides, fertilizers) 4.1% 0.7% Hobby (pool chemicals, art supplies) 3.4% 0.8% Pharmaceuticals 3.2% - Fluorescent tubes, lamps etc - 5.5% * batteries are collected separately in Norway, at a rate of approx 3kg/hh/pa USA (1997)Norway (2000) 9kg/hh/ pa10.3kg/hh/pa

17. TRP Chapter 2.2 17 Stockpiles of ‘old’ hazardous wastes One major problem is the widespread existence of stockpiles of old hazardous waste materials such as: Obsolete pesticides PCB transformers Ozone depleting substances Military stockpiles

18. TRP Chapter 2.2 18 Treatment residues Municipal & industrial treatment sludge Incinerator ash Tank bottoms Solvent still bottoms Filter cakes Leachate

19. TRP Chapter 2.2 19 Estimated quantities of hazardous wastes (‘000 tonnes per year - as reported by Parties to the Basel Convention 1998) More than 400 million tonnes of hazardous wastes are generated worldwide each year Source: UNEP Geo 2000 Selected countries: China9,896 Czech Republic3,917 Denmark 281 Greece 287 Indonesia 17 Latvia 80 Morocco6,543 The Netherlands2,926 Russian Federation 107,060 Slovakia1,400 Thailand1,600 UK4,846 Uzbekistan 26,442

20. TRP Chapter 2.2 20 Factory visits/records Interviews with contractors & suppliers On - site inspections Raw materials and product records Waste disposal records at generating, treatment & disposal sites Industry associations Local government staff/inspectors Surveys Quantifying waste generation: by measurement

21. TRP Chapter 2.2 21 Quantifying waste generation: Waste audit Pre-assessment steps identify staff and resources define unit operations identify links between unit operations Conduct audit quantify all inputs and outputs analyse and apply findings

22. TRP Chapter 2.2 22 Quantifying waste generation: by rapid estimation 1 Basic indicators - use economic and social statistics such as GDP, population Goal-oriented indicators - used in the context of policies and enforcement, for example when the national aim is to achieve certain degree of hazardous waste minimisation, or to implement Cleaner Production Impact indicators and indices - used to identify impacts from hazardous wastes Risk indicators - relate to areas of higher risk for health and/or the environment

23. TRP Chapter 2.2 23 Quantifying waste generation: by rapid estimation 2 Per capita: 100kg/per person/year for industrialised countries with strong chemical sector 6kg/per person/year for OECD countries with predominantly agricultural economies Per unit of GDP: According to contribution of industry to GDP According to importance of chemical sector within industry Per unit of work force Per number of contaminated sites

24. TRP Chapter 2.2 24 Hazardous waste generation in OECD countries Note: The USA estimate includes large quantities of dilute wastewater not reported in other OECD countries. Source: YAKOWITZ H., Waste management: what now? What next? An overview of policies and practices in the OECD area, 1993

25. TRP Chapter 2.2 25 Per capita waste generation (1997) Source: Secretariat of the Basel Convention (data as reported by the parties) 1999

26. TRP Chapter 2.2 26 Source: Secretariat of the Basel Convention (data as reported by the parties) 1999 Waste generation based on Gross National Product

27. TRP Chapter 2.2 27 National surveys National surveys are: difficult, as experience shows useful for raising the profile of hazardous waste issues sensitive - generators are anxious about revealing information Questionnaires must be simple, with only a few questions should be carefully designed, perhaps by independent specialists must strike a balance on information sought must address the specific aims of the survey

28. TRP Chapter 2.2 28 Chapter 2.2 Summary Wastes come from diverse sources in all countries Some industry sectors are major generators, producing common waste types Small and medium sized industries may also be important contributors There are also non-industrial waste sources eg households There is a need for information eg on generators, waste quantities and types - national definitions influence results. There are various methods for quantifying waste generation