1. The Nervous System: Sensory Systems

2. Sensory Information Somatic sensations Somesthetic Proprioception
Special senses
Vision
Hearing
Equilibrium
Taste
Smell
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3. Sensory Receptors Figure 10.2a
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4. Sensory Receptors Figure 10.2b
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5. Sensory Receptor Characteristics
Table 10.1
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6. Slow Versus Fast Adaptation
Figure 10.3
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7. Cortical Sensory Areas
Figure 10.4
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8. Sensory Units and Receptive Fields
Figure 10.5
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9. General Sensory Pathway
Figure 10.6
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10. Stimulus Intensity Coding
Figure 10.7
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11. Intensity Coding by Recruitment
Figure 10.8a
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12. Intensity Coding by Recruitment
Figure 10.8b
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13. Localization Acuity Figure 10.9
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14. Lateral Inhibition Figure 10.10 Afferent neurons (first- order neurons)
Second-
Location of stimulus
Inhibitory
interneurons X1 Y1 Z1 X2 Y2 Z2
Afferent neurons
Second-order neurons
Activity in
afferent neurons
Activity in second-
order neurons
Action potentials
Frequency of
Figure 10.10
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15. Two Point Discrimination
Figure 10.11
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16. Two Point Discrimination
Table 10.2
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17. Somatosensory Receptors
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Nociceptors
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18. Types of Skin Receptors
Table 10.3
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19. Mechanoreceptors of Skin
Figure 10.13
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20. Characteristics of Thermoreceptors
Warm receptors
Free nerve endings
Respond to temperatures from 30–43°C
Increase frequency with increase in temperature
Cold receptors
Possible free nerve endings
Respond to temperatures from 35–20°C
Increase frequency with decrease in temperature
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21. Thermoreceptor Responses
Figure 10.14a
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22. Thermoreceptor Responses
Figure 10.14b
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23. Characteristics of Nociceptors
Free nerve endings
A delta or C fibers
Classes
Mechanical
Thermal
Polymodal
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24. Medial-Lemniscal Pathway
Figure 10.15a
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25. Spinothalamic Tract Figure 10.15b
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26. Anatomy of the Eye Figure 10.19a
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27. Retina: Ophthalmoscope
Figure 10.19b
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28. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Figure 10.21
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29. Light Refraction by Eye
Figure 10.24
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30. The Eye: Focusing Far and Near
Figure 10.25a
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31. The Eye: Focusing Far and Near
Figure 10.25b
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32. Mechanism of Accommodation
Figure 10.26a
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33. Mechanism of Accommodation
Figure 10.26b
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34. Normal Eye (Emmetropia)
Figure 10.27a
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35. Myopia (Near Sightedness)
Figure 10.27b
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36. Hyperopia (Far Sightedness)
Figure 10.27c
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37. Regulation of Light Entering Eye
Figure 10.28b–c
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38. Anatomy of the Retina Figure 10.29
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39. Rod and Cone Distribution
Figure 10.30
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40. Anatomy of Rods and Cones
Figure 10.31
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41. Components of Rods Figure 10.32
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42. Phototransduction: Dark
Figure 10.33a
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43. Phototransduction: Light
Figure 10.33b
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44. Photoreceptor Absorbance Spectra
Figure 10.34
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45. Photoreceptor Characteristics
Table 10.4
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46. Going from Light to Dark
Exposure to light “bleaches” the rods
Opsin separated from retinal
No more light can be absorbed
Move to dark
Sensitivity of rods is low due to previous “bleaching”
Retinal and opsin reassociate
Can again detect light
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47. Going from Dark to Light
Exposure to dark maintains rods in most sensitive state
Opsin and retinal associated
Readily absorb light
Move to bright light
Sensitive rods overwhelmed
Rods begin to be “bleached”
Can again see clearly
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48. Convergence of Photoreceptors
Convergence of photoreceptors to bipolar cells, and bipolar cells to ganglion cells
Convergence
More than one photoreceptor to bipolar neuron
More than one bipolar cell to ganglion cell
Rods converge more
Lower visual acuity
Greater sensitivity
In fovea
One cone communicates with one bipolar cell
Greater acuity
Lower sensitivity
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49. Depth Perception Binocular visual field
Two perspectives of visual field, one from each eye
Brain constructs three-dimensional image
Figure 10.36
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