1. The Nervous System: Sensory Systems

2. Anatomy of the Ear Figure 10.37
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3. Generation of Sound Waves
Figure 10.38a
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4. Properties of Sound Figure 10.38b
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5. Anatomy of Middle Ear Figure 10.39
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6. Sound Transduction: Cochlea
Figure 10.40a, c
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7. Sound Transduction: Cochlea
Figure 10.40e–f
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8. Functional Anatomy of Cochlea
Figure 10.40e–f
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9. Inner Hair Cells: Sound Conduction
Figure 10.41
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10. Hair Cells: Sound Transduction
Figure 10.42a–c
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11. Sound Frequency Coding
Figure 10.43
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12. Clinical Defects: Deafness
Conductive deafness
Inadequate conduction of sound waves through external and/or middle ear
Sensorineural deafness
Inadequate transduction of sound waves to electrical signals in inner ear
Central deafness
Damage to the neural pathway for sound
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13. V. The Ear and Equilibrium
Anatomy of the vestibular apparatus
The semicircular canals and the transduction of rotation
The utricle and saccule and the transduction of linear acceleration
Neural pathways for equilibrium
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14. Anatomy of Vestibular Apparatus
Figure 10.44
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15. Semicircular Canal Anatomy
Figure 10.45a–b
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16. Coding for Acceleration
Figure 10.45c–e
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17. Anatomy: Utricle and Saccule
Figure 10.46a
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18. Coding for Acceleration
Figure 10.46b–d
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19. Coding for Head Tilting
Figure 10.46e–f
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20. Neural Pathways for Equilibrium
Vestibular afferents
Vestibular nuclei
(brainstem)
Sensory systems
Cortex
Eye movements
Cerebellum
Perception
Balance &
Equilibrium
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21. Taste Buds Over 10,000 taste buds Pore exposed to saliva in mouth
Tongue
Roof of mouth
Pharynx
Pore exposed to saliva in mouth
50–150 taste receptors cells per bud
Modified epithelial cells
Respond to tastants
Support cells
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22. Taste Receptors Figure 10.47
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23. Transduction of Sour and Salty
Figure 10.48a–b
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24. Transduction of Sweet and Bitter
Figure 10.48c–d
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25. Neural Coding of Taste Figure 10.49
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26. Olfactory Epithelium Figure 10.50
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27. Olfactory Receptor Cells
Only neurons replaced continuously
Cilia project into mucus
Have chemoreceptors
Olfactory binding proteins
Located in mucus
Transport odorants to receptors
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28. Olfactory Signal Transduction
Air-borne chemical must dissolve in mucus
Olfactory binding proteins deliver olfactants to receptors
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29. Olfactory Signal Transduction
Chemical binds to receptor
Activates G protein called Golf
Activates adenylate cyclase  cAMP
cAMP directly binds cation channels, opening them
Na+ and Ca2+ enter cell  depolarization
Specificity of binding
Specific olfactory receptor cells for each type of odorant-binding protein
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30. Neural Pathway for Olfaction
Olfactory receptor cells are specialized endings of afferent neurons
Axon of receptor cells comprises CN I, the olfactory nerve
Second order neurons = mitral cells
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31. Neural Pathway for Olfaction
Communication between afferent and second-order neuron occurs in glomeruli
Second-order neurons form olfactory tract
Relay in olfactory tubercle to cerebral cortex
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32. Neural Pathway for Olfaction
Figure 10.51
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