3.  After the deaths of almost 10 million people, society is shaken Some proclaim Western Civilization’s collapse A “lost generation” of war veterans creates two different types of vets:  Pacifists  Those who see no problem in use of violence

4.  Many nations, most notably Germany, are unhappy with the peace treaty  League of Nations fails to assure security with absence of US

5.  US also fails to honor a promise to form a military alliance with France: Leaves a fear of vulnerability from Germany

6.  France seeks alliances to substitute for US and Russia Little Entente consists of Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Poland

7.  Germany manages 1 payment of reperations After missed payment, France sends troops to Ruhr valley Germany prints more money Leads to inflation  Inflation: an increase in prices and fall in the value of money

8.  Economic disaster leads to political upheavals in Germany Growth of Nazis and Communists  France and Germany agree to more conciliatory terms in 1924

9. The Great Depression The prosperity of the twenties was fragile  Based mostly on growth of US credit In Europe, depression came from decreases in domestic production and collapse of American stock market

10. The Great Depression Increase in use of oil and hydroelectricity, lead to slump in coal industry Europe’s agriculture and industry returns to prewar levels Overexposure and lower prices follow Prosperity in Europe built on American loans, when stocks collapse in October 1929 American money is pulled out of Europe

12. The Great Depression Unemployment skyrockets  In worst year (1932) one in four British workers are unemployed and 40% of German workers US and German production go down 50%

14. The Great Depression Unemployment and difficult times lead to people being more open to communists and fascism Democracy on the defensive in Europe in 1930s

15. Democracy in the West  Women, who had won the right to vote and began to be involved in politics, see a decrease in roles in government  Especially Germany

16. Democracy in the West  In Britain, control of nation switches between Conservatives, Liberals, and new political party  Labour Party  British economist John Maynard Keynes argues that deficit spending should be used to stimulate economy  France also goes through many governments  All fail to stave off (stop) great depression  Leads to decline in confidence in government, leaving them vulnerable

17. Democracy in the West  In US, Depression leads to election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)  FDR’s policy, the New Deal brings relief, recovery, and reform  New Deal provides a safety net, but unemployment remains an issue until WWII

18. Democracy in the West  In former colonies (Turkey, India and Africa) there are movements for freedom  Turkey  United by Mustafa Kemal, who takes the name Atatürk: “father Turk”

19. Democracy in the West  India  Mohandas Gandhi leads protests of British control via civil disobedience

20. Democracy in the West  Pushes for independence increase in Africa as well  Pan-African movement inspired by Americans W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey

27. Fascism rises in Italy Fascism – a government ruled by a dictator Nazism in Germany Totalitarianism in the Soviet Union Government where the state or governing body holds all power

28. All have strong dictators who use mass propaganda to conquer minds of their people Causes of authoritarian governments are Postwar conditions Depression

29. War costly in lives and debt for Italy See themselves cheated out of territory Benito Mussolini A failed teacher and socialist politician sees opportunity in being anticommunist, antistrike, nationalist, using force Fascist militant groups called squadristi are crucial to Mussolini’s rise in power After threatening to march on Rome, Mussolini is made prime minister on Oct. 29, 1922

30. Mussolini passes Acerbo Law Saying that winning party gets 2/3 of seats in government A secret police, the OVRA, is established and Mussolini takes name “Il Duce”: The leader

31. After war, Germany’s government was known as the Weimar Republic headed by war hero Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler Born in Vienna, Austria and failed as a student and art He succeeded in WWI and decided to enter politics Joins a right-wing Workers’ Party and quickly takes power, changing its name to the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NAZI)

32. Forms a militia known as Strumabteilung, or the SA Hitler fails to overthrow the Weimar Republic at Beer Hall Putsch Hitler is sentenced to 5 years in prison, where he wrote Mein Kampf

33. Hitler then decides to win control via elections, runs Nazi party with an iron fist Führerprinzip – leadership principle “A good National Socialist is one who would let himself be killed for his Führer at any time.” – Hitler

34. Economic difficulties help Nazis Under pressure President Hindenburg makes Hitler Chancellor on June 30, 1933 Hitler passes the Enabling Act, suspending constitution for 4 years and making him dictator

35. When Hindenburg dies in 1934, Hitler becomes Germany’s sole ruler Public officials and soldiers required to take oath of loyalty to the Führer

36. Under regime, unemployment falls Those who oppose Nazi policies must deal with secret police/body guard force the Gestapo Headed by brutal Heinrich Himmler To continue indoctrination, the Hitler Youth and German Girls Association are formed

37. Anti-Semitism is a constant part of life in Nazi Germany Anti-Semitism – the prejudice, hatred of or discrimination against Jews as a national, ethnic, religious or racial group Gets violent in 1938 and 1939, after Kristallnacht, the night of shattered glass

38. Russia was on the brink of collapse because of famine and industrial collapse between 1920-1922 Lenin pulls Russia from the abyss with his New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1921 Modified capitalism After a serious of strokes, Lenin dies in 1924, opening a power struggle between Leon Trotsky and general- secretary Joseph Stalin

39. Because of his connections, Stalin consolidates power and Trotsky is expelled from Russia Stalin grows economy, at expense of peasants (killings and artificial famines kill millions

40. Stalin purges old Bolsheviks who may not be supportive Some good does come from his policies, higher education up

41. Much of eastern Europe falls under authoritarian control, limiting participation of masses In Spain, General Francisco Franco takes power sparking a civil war

42. Europeans sign a non-intervention agreement Germany and Italy intervene on behalf of Franco Soviets and volunteers from West intervene on behalf of Republicans Franco wins out and begins a brutal dictatorship that lasts until 1975