1. School of Veterinary Medicine
Courtney Davaloz, 3VM
Texas A&M University
School of Veterinary Medicine

2. Interact with audience get people to answer

3. Interact with audience

4. http://www. daff. gov. au/__data/assets/image/0006/1055436/Wild_dog_1

5. Interact with audience. Get students to respond.

6. All of the animals above are affected by nutrition
Nutrition is defined as being the process by which organisms take in and utilize food material
All of the animals above are affected by nutrition
Everyday we make decisions affecting nutrition, whether in regards to our pets or ourselves
Finding a complete balance for yourself and your pet can be challenging
Emphasize how nutrition influences not only our animals life but also our own

7. Food Pyramid
Fats, Oils,
Sweets
Meat, Poultry, Fish, Dry Beans, Eggs, Nuts
Milk, Yogurt, Cheese
Fruit
Vegetables
Interact with audience. Ask why this is important.
Emphasize the need to be healthy
Bread, Cereal, Rice & Pasta
Why do we have these guidelines on what we should or shouldn’t eat?

8. Water Fat Carbohydrates Protein Vitamins Minerals Read slide

9. Why so important?
Solubilize biochemicals and thereby facilitate their actions and interactions
Regulates body temperature
Fluid medium for blood and lymph systems (Blood is 90% water)
Lubrication of body tissues
Makes up 55-75% of the human body
Water is not stored heavily in the body so it must constantly be replaced as it is excreted

10. Condition marked by a shortage of water or fluids in the body
Can be caused by vomiting/diarrhea or excessive sweating due to strenuous activity
Symptoms
Lethargy(weakness)
Headaches and cramps
Increased thirst
Decreased urination

11. Made up of a long sequence of amino acids that folds upon itself to form function-specific structures
Serve numerous essential functions in the body such as muscle growth, tissue repair, and transporting oxygen
Myoglobin:
Oxygen transport protein

12. Certain AAs are essential (required by the body for normal growth)
Tryptophan
As protein is consumed from food, its constituent AAs are used to produce necessary body proteins
Certain AAs are essential (required by the body for normal growth)
Not all protein sources contain the same amino acids so the diet must be diverse or well-managed
Natural sources include meat, eggs, dairy products, and soy beans
Help them to distinguish between the general term protein used to describe it as a feed and the individual proteins the body requires

13. Carbohydrates are the primary source of fuel for the body
Carbohydrates are the primary source of fuel for the body. They ultimately produce the energy that powers the body processes.
The three main sources of carbs are simple sugars, starches, and fiber

14. Simple sugars are the product of digestion of the larger molecules.
The most important of these is glucose, which is the primary sugar absorbed by the body
Ask if anyone knows which is the most important simple sugar?

15. Starch
Long chain of sugars connected by a specific type of bonding(α-bond) that is easily digested by enzymes in the small intestine.
Fiber
Long chain of sugars connected by β-bonds which can only be broken down by microbes in the stomachs of ruminant animals

16. Is a concentrated form of energy Most common type is triglycerides
Saturated fats vs. Unsaturated fats
Saturated fat is solid at room temp whereas unsaturated fat is usually liquid

17. Important for maintaining balanced diet
Fat Soluble
Vitamins A, D, E, K
Water Soluble
B – vitamins, Vitamin C
Important for maintaining balanced diet
Vitamin A Deficiency
Vitamin D Toxicosis
Vitamin K Deficiency
Don’t go into too much detail here, just broad overview

18. Many different functions
Bone and Cartilage (ex. Calcium and Phosphorus)
Maintaining fluid balances (ex. Sodium and Chloride)
Muscle and Nerve functions (ex. Potassium)
Enzymatic reactions (ex. Potassium and Zinc)
Very important for balanced diets
Calcium deficiencies

19. Interact with audience. Get students to answer.

20. Defined as the lack of proper nutrition or unbalanced nutrition
Under-nutrition
Starvation
Affects pets and humans of all ages
Different severities

21. 53% of these deaths are attributable to under-nutrition
53% of these deaths are attributable to under-nutrition

22. Has many health affects What is an ideal body weight?
What is obesity?
Increasing problem
Evolutionary change
Has many health affects
What is an ideal body weight?
Deifinition: Obesity – “The condition of being obese; increased body weight caused by excessive accumulation of fat” (dictionary.com)
Obesity is a growing problem. Prevalence is increasing throughout the world, especially the united states
Obesity is associated with many health problems and can contribute to many deaths
Leave the last question open to make the audience think of the answer
Evolutionary changes -store fat for winter like  bears and other animals that do not eat year around, allow mother to milk and lose weight during lactation.

24. http://usasearch. gov/search

25. Diabetes Mellitus Orthopedic issues Heart Disease Liver Disease
Talk about overweight large breed dogs being more likely to have orthopedic issues
Emphasize how these are not the only effects of obesity. There are many more.
Pictures supplied by:

26. Cats and Type II diabetes
Type I vs. Type II
Cats and Type II diabetes
High fat diet cause activation of a regulatory protein which can cause development of insulin resistance
Over-weight cats two times more likely to get diabetes
Obese cats four times more likely to get diabetes
Type I – Insulin dependent, pancreas incapable of producing enough insulin
Type II – Non-insulin dependent, Pancreas makes insulin but the body does not respond to it or does not recognize it
Cats more prone to Type II
Resources:
“A Stress Signaling Pathway in Adipose Tissue Regulates Hepatic Insulin Resistance” Guadalupe Sabio, Madhumita Das, etc. Vol December 2008

27. Ruptured Cranial Cruciate Ligament Osteoarthritis
Elbow and hip dysplasia
Laminitis in horses
Orthopedics
Don’t go into too much detail here. Explain how all of these diseases can be linked to obesity

28. Take animals into local veterinarian Body Condition Scores
Scale 1-5
Scale 1-9
Similar to BMI (body mass index) in human medicine
Explain how veterinarians will give your animal a score and based on that score they will give appropriate suggestions for diet and exercise
Over 85% of people with Type 2 diabetes have a body mass index of over 25 (which is overweight)
Over 55%, have a BMI over 30 (which is obese)

29. Animals being fed one big meal a day vs. 2-3 small meals a day
Quantity vs. Quality
Animals being fed one big meal a day vs. 2-3 small meals a day
Table Scraps
Relation to human medicine
If you put food in front of a horse, they will continue to eat.
The poorer the quality of food the more of it is required to maintain essential nutrients
Relate fast food to treats and table scraps in animals

30. Healthy vs. Unhealthy methods
Not a quick fix!
Proper diet
Purina OM
Science diet R/D
Exercise
Importance in human medicine
Drugs
Consult your veterinarian!
To get you and your animal on
the right track!
Show bag of OM food

31. A 40 lbs dog who is 5 lbs overweight is equivalent to a 200 lbs man being how many pounds overweight???
25 lbs overweight

32. The first prescription drug aimed for canine weight-loss in the USA
Dirlotapide
Targets small intestine
Reduces fat absorption
Gives a feeling of satiety
Therefore reduces food intake
i.e. calories
Goal
Lose 3% of body weight every month
Different phases
Weight loss phase
Maintenance phase
Consult your veterinarian!

33. Sample population was pulled from January 1999 to December 2004
Study trying to determine the distribution of Body Condition Score values for dogs examined at a veterinary hospital and to see if the scores differed from dogs with malignant neoplasm with dogs that did not have neoplasm
Retrospective prevalence case-control study involving 1777 dogs with cancer and 12,893 dogs without cancer
Sample population was pulled from January 1999 to December 2004
American Journal of Veterinary Research
April 2007, Vol. 68, No. 4, Pages
Prevalence of obese dogs in a population of dogs with cancer
Lisa P. Weeth, DVM; Andrea J. Fascetti

34. Obesity was defined as >7/9 BCS
Dogs used in this study had a variety of cancers, including sarcomas, carcinomas, and round cell tumors
Obesity was defined as >7/9 BCS
Overall higher prevalence of obese dogs in this study (compared to previous studies)
This has mirrored the increase in obese humans
Results: A lower prevalence of overweight and obese dogs with sarcomas and carcinomas and no difference in BCS distribution in dogs with round cell tumors
This study only used malignant neoplasm for cancer group and used 7/9 BCS to define obese, authors state that this could be a reason the results were not the expected

35. So is obesity related to cancer? By causation? Or, correlation?
We still don’t know the answer!
Need more studies! Bigger studies!

36. In conclusion, Nutrition plays a big role in everyday life
In conclusion, Nutrition plays a big role in everyday life. Decisions we make for our animals and ourselves have many affects and consequences. A complete and balanced diet, along with exercise are key to living a long healthy life!

37. Purina.com Slentrol.com