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History and Careers of Photography
From it’s origins to the digital age, featuring innovations, inventions, people, and careers. By: Sheila Boester and Lisa Collard MVHS Photography
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Photography… Is a science and an art. It combines the sciences of physics, chemistry, and optics with the craftsmanship of printmaking and the aesthetic values of drawing and painting.
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What is photography? (Sir John Herschel)
The name or term photography was coined by Sir John Herschel in 1839. He also coined the terms “negative” and “positive” to photographic images, and the word “snap-shot” Photography is derived from the Greek words for light and writing~ writing with light (Sir John Herschel)
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Camera Obscura Latin for “dark chamber”
The Camera Obscura, first camera, with a pin hole for viewing scenes was invented in 1519. First drawing of Camera Obscura was made by Leonardo da Vinci.
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Camera Obscura Go into a very dark room on a bright day. Make a small hole in a window cover and look at the opposite wall. What do you see? Magic! There in full color and movement will be the world outside the window, upside down! This magic is explained by a simple law of the physical world. Light travels in a straight line and when some of the rays reflected from a bright subject pass through a small hole in thin material they do not scatter but cross and reform as an upside down image on a flat surface held parallel to the hole.
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First Successful Photograph
First photograph was produced in 1826 by Joseph Niepce. First photograph used silver halide salts on a metal sheet instead of film. Took 8 hours to expose! World’s first camera image by Joseph Niepce. Photo from an apartment building window.
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Photographic Chemicals
Procedure for chemical photo development was developed by Schulze in 1727. Etched plates were first shown in public by Daguerre in 1839. Daguerre's prints called daguerreotypes. Daguerre was the first to widely use chemical photo development.
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Daguerreotypes were positive images, one of a kind
1871 1882 Gold rush daguerreotype- 1849
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Photographic Paper Process to produce negative pictures on paper developed in 1840 by William Fox Talbot. A positive was made on another sheet of paper chemically sensitized with silver salts. Talbot’s negative/positive approach formed the basis for all the photographic processes that followed. He called it the Calotype. A woodcut showing Henery Talbot Talbot’s first photograph on paper
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Photographic Paper Calotype- Latin for “good paper” Make multiple copies of a single image The paper was washed over with a solution of silver nitrate and dried by gentle heat. When nearly dry, it was soaked in a solution of potassium iodide for two or three minutes, rinsed and again dried.
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Collodion Process 1851 Fredrick Scott Archer- improves photographic resolution by spreading a mixture of collodion (nitrated cotton dissolved in alcohol) and chemicals on sheets of glass. Wet plate collodion photography was much cheaper than daguerreotypes, the negative/positive process permitted unlimited reproductions, and the process was published but not patented. Wet-plate featuring President Theodore Roosevelt
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Carte de Visite Adolphe Disderi – introduced a rotating camera which could reproduce eight exposed images on a single negative. After printing on Albumen paper, the images were cut apart and glued to business card sized mounts. These tiny portraits were traded between friends. Thus began the worldwide boom (Cardomania) in portrait studios for the next decade.
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Albumen paper The albumen print was the first commercially exploitable method of producing a photographic print on a paper base from a negative. It used the albumen found in egg whites to bind the photographic chemicals to the paper and became the dominant form of photographic positives from 1855 to the turn of the century, with a peak in the period.
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Ambrotypes and tintypes
: Direct positive images on glass (ambrotypes) and metal (tintypes or ferrotypes) popular in the US. Compared with other processes the tintype tones seem uninteresting. They were often made by unskilled photographers, and their quality was variable. However, they are significant in that they made photography available to working classes, not just to the more well-to-do. Until then the taking of a portrait had been more of a special event. After the introduction of tintypes, we see more relaxed, spontaneous poses.
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War popularizes photography
The Civil War( ) was the first war recorded with photography by Matthew Brady. He became one of the first photographers to use photography to chronicle national history. He brought “home to us the terrible reality and earnestness of war.” His war scenes demonstrated that photographs could be more than posed portraits, and his efforts represent the first instance of the comprehensive photo-documentation of a war. Photo of Matthew Brady taken in 1864.
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Motion Pictures Zoopraziscope- produced a series of still images that make a subject move. Eadweard Muybridge took the first sequence of photos of action in 1877. It was to settle a bet as to whether or not running horses lifted all four hooves off the ground at one time. Leads to motion picture industry.
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Photography for the masses
George Eastman founded Eastman Kodak Company in 1880. first mass-market, point-and-shoot camera, called the Kodak. Simple box camera preloaded with enough film to make 100 exposures. Sold 100,000 cameras in first 2 years of the company. “You press the button, we do the rest.”
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Photography for the masses
George Eastman founded Eastman Kodak Company in 1880. first mass-market, point-and-shoot camera, called the Kodak. Simple box camera preloaded with enough film to make 100 exposures. Sold 100,000 cameras in first 2 years of the company. “You press the button, we do the rest.”
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Color Photography Autochrome – The first color process marketed
Invented in France by the Lumiere brothers in 1907 Color photography not widely available until the 1950s due to cost of film development. Autochrome of WW I biplane
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Old school SLR Camera with a zoom telephoto lens
The SLR Camera SLR- single lens reflex 1924: The "Leica", the first high quality 35mm camera introduced. Uses and automatic moving mirror system which permits the photographer to see exactly what will be captured by the film Non-SLR cameras- the view through the viewfinder could be significantly different from what was captured on film. 1942 Kodacolor, Kodak’s first print film Old school SLR Camera with a zoom telephoto lens
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Polaroid Camera 1947, Edwin Land- invention of first instant camera
Founds Polaroid Corporation 1957 Utilized “pack film,” which required the photographer to pull the film out of the camera for development, then peel apart the positive from the negative at the end of the developing process. February no longer making Polaroid cameras The Polaroid Land Camera model J66 The Polaroid SX-70 Model 2
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Careers during the early years
War Photographer- documentary Photojournalist- newspaper, magazine Portrait Photographer- family, weddings Freelance- product photography, fashion Architecture Photographer Landscape Photographer
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Photography as Social Change
People who wanted to bring about social change began to use photography for their causes. Jacob Riis- New York newspaper reporter- wrote and photographed desperate living conditions of immigrants in slums. Book- How the Other Half Lives
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Photography as Social Change
Lewis Hines- used Photography to change child labor laws in the U.S. Produced images of the many dangers of working in mines and factories. Because of his photography, the laws were changed.
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FSA Farm Security Administration hires Roy Stryker to run a historical section. Stryker would hire Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, Arthur Rothstein, et al. to photograph rural hardships over the next six years.
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Photojournalists of the 20th Century…
Dorothea Lange Migrant Mother 1936 Walker Evans- Great Depression 1935
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Photojournalist of the 20th Century
Margaret Bourke-White War Photographer Concentration Camp- Buchenwald, Germany Life Magazine, the most prestigous for photographers at the time Robert Capa- Falling Soldier, 1936
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Portrait Photography Nadar- first great portrait photographer
Produced formal, eloquent portraits of the artists, writers, and actors of the time. 1855- patented the idea of using aerial photographs in mapmaking and and surveying. 1863- Nadar
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Portrait Photography Photography would replace painting as the primary medium of portraits. Photography was inexpensive and became common place. 1859- portrait of Sarah Bernhardt, the most famous actress in the history of the world.- Nadar
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Landscape Photographers
Brett Weston: Dunes 1946 Ansel Adams: Tetons and the Snake River- 1942
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Recent advances 1985: Minolta markets the world's first autofocus SLR system (called "Maxxum" in the US 1987: The popular Canon EOS system introduced, with new all-electronic lens mount
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History of Digital Photography
Two inventions made the miniaturization of computers a reality: 1947- transistors 1959- integrated circuits These advances paved the way for computers to become smaller.
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History of Digital Photography
Invention of the imaging chip 1970- CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) invented by George Smith and Willard Boyle at Bell Laboratories. They were trying to invent a solid-state camera phone Their invention became the basis for all video cameras and eventually digital cameras, copiers, fax machines, and scanners.
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First film-less cameras
Were electronic Video cameras that captured still images. 1981-Sony Mavica 1986- Cannon RC-701
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First film-less cameras
1990- first black and white only digital camera with a small, one-tenth of a mega pixel (MP) sensor. Also first year Photoshop was released. Logitech Photoman Logitech Dycam Model 1
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Consumer oriented cameras
1994- Apple QuickTake 100 Could record up to eight color images (640 X 480 pixels) in its internal memory. At the time, over 12 billon was spent on photography in the U.S. Logitech Photoman
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Digital SLR’s 1999- Nikon came out with the first totally original digital SLR (DSLR) Nikon D1 SLR, 2.74 megapixel for $6000, 2004: Kodak ceases production of film cameras 2005: Canon EOS 5D, first consumer-priced full-frame digital SLR, for $3000 Nikon D1
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And the rest is History!
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Careers Related to Photography Today
Editorial Photographer Camera Equipment Repairers Film editing Photo Imaging careers Photographic Equipment Technicians Photographic Processor Photojournalist Professional Photographer Scientific Photographer Special Effects Technician Fashion Photographer Wedding Photographer … and much, much more. Follow the link…
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