1. The Passive Voice a) Preliminary considerations b) Uses c) Tense formation d) Tense forms e) The use of -by f) Direct and Indirect objects.

2. The Passive Voice a) Preliminary considerations Preliminary considerations Preliminary considerations b) Uses Uses c) Tense formation Tense formation Tense formation d) Tense forms Tense forms Tense forms e) The use of -by The use of -by The use of -by f) Direct and Indirect objects. Direct and Indirect objects. Direct and Indirect objects.

3. Preliminary considerations ► O► O► O► Only transitive verbs (those which may take an object) can be used in the passive voice. ► I► I► I► In English the passive voice is much more used than in Spanish. SSSSpanish uses a kind of “passive” with “se” while English uses a normal passive voice. WWWWhen the subject is unknown, English – unlike Spanish – uses the passive voice. WWWWhen an active verb may take a direct and an indirect object, English uses a passive which is never heard in Spanish. Menu

4. Uses of the Passive in English WWWW hhhh eeee nnnn t t t t hhhh eeee a a a a cccc tttt iiii oooo nnnn i i i i ssss m m m m oooo rrrr eeee i i i i mmmm pppp oooo rrrr tttt aaaa nnnn tttt t t t t hhhh aaaa nnnn t t t t hhhh eeee aaaa gggg eeee nnnn tttt.... WWWW hhhh eeee nnnn t t t t hhhh eeee a a a a gggg eeee nnnn tttt i i i i ssss o o o o bbbb vvvv iiii oooo uuuu ssss,,,, u u u u nnnn kkkk nnnn oooo wwww nnnn,,,, o o o o rrrr ssss iiii mmmm pppp llll yyyy n n n n oooo tttt i i i i mmmm pppp oooo rrrr tttt aaaa nnnn tttt.... WWWW hhhh eeee nnnn w w w w eeee d d d d oooo nnnn ’’’’ tttt w w w w aaaa nnnn tttt t t t t oooo m m m m eeee nnnn tttt iiii oooo nnnn w w w w hhhh oooo d d d d iiii dddd t t t t hhhh eeee aaaa cccc tttt iiii oooo nnnn. Menu

5.  When the action When the action is more important than is more important than the agent, the agent, so that it looks more impersonal.

6. The room must be cleaned.The room must be cleaned. The tickects were sold.The tickects were sold. Sugar is added after the water has been boiled.Sugar is added after the water has been boiled. The bridge was eventually built.The bridge was eventually built.

7. When the agent is When the agent is obvious, obvious, unknown unknown or simply or simply not important not important

8. My house has been painted.(obviously by a painter) My house has been painted.(obviously by a painter) My purse was stolen. (I don’t know who did it) My purse was stolen. (I don’t know who did it) The letters were typed. (No matter who did it, what matters is that they finally were typed) The letters were typed. (No matter who did it, what matters is that they finally were typed)

9. When, for some reason, we don’t want to mention who did the action; like, for example, like, for example, to avoid pointing out who is responsible for it.

10. The boys were punished. (for some reason, what is important is the action, not who punished them) Our tickets were lost. (like this I avoid saying who lost them) New ideas have been presented with great success. (By using the passive, the speaker avoids mentioning the author, mainly if it is the speaker himself)

11. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet (Simple Past) was The main verb always in the Past Participle writtenShakespeare by Aux. Be in the same tense (Simple Past) 1) Simple Tense

12. The Council has invested a lot of money A lot of money (Present Perfect) has been The main verb always in the Past Participle investedthe Council by Aux. Be in the same tense (Present Perfect) 2) Perfect Tense

13. I should have done the homework The homework (Perfect Infinitive) have been The main verb always in the Past Participle doneme) ( by Aux. Be in the same tense (Perfect Infinitive) 3) With a Modal Auxiliary Modal Modals remain invariable should Menu

14. FORM ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE Simple present keeps is kept Present continuous is keeping is being kept Simple past kept was kept Past continuous was keeping was being kept Present perfect have kept have been kept Past perfect had kept had been kept future will keep will be kept FORM ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE Conditional present would keep would be kept Conditional past would have kept would have been kept present infinitive to keep to be kept perfect infinitive to have kept to have been kept gerundkeeping being kept perfect participle having kept having been kept Examples

15. She keeps her room tidy. ►H►H►H►Her room is kept tidy. He is keeping the change in his pocket ►T►T►T►The change is being kept in his pocket. She kept her money in the wallet. ►T►T►T►The money was kept in the wallet. When the thief came in she was keeping the money in her wallet. ►W►W►W►When the thief came in the money was being kept in her wallet.

16. He has kept all his money in a big hole. ►A►A►A►All his money has been kept in a big hole. By the time the thieves arrived he had already kept all his money safely. ►B►B►B►By the time the thieves arrived all his money had already been kept safely. She has promised her mother she will keep her room tidy at all times. ►S►S►S►She has promised her mother her room will be kept tidy at all times.

17. He promised her he would keep her savings untouched. ►H►H►H►He promised her her savings would be kept untouched. He said he would have kept her savings untouched if he hadn’t been going to the casino. ►H►H►H►He said her savings would have been kept untouched if he hadn’t been going to the casino.

18. She now says she can keep her money herself. ►S►S►S►She now says her money can be kept by herself. If she had known that, she could have kept it. ►I►I►I►If she had known that, it could have been kept. ___________________________________ ►M►M►M►Most film stars hate being interviewed. ►H►H►H►He didn’t like having been told about what to do. Menu

19. THE USE OF by a)When the person who does the action, the agent, is important. For example: an inventor, a writer, an artist, etc… Shakespeare wrote these poems. These poems were written by Shakespeare. b)To introduce new information that had been omitted previously. While we were studying, we were bothered by several students c)To talk about a plan or method. These exercises can be improved by adding more information. Menu

20. Direct & Indirect objects Some verbs, like give, lend, offer, send, promise, show are usually followed by two objects, one is a person – indirect – and the other is a thing – direct. In these cases, the passive in English takes the indirect object as its new subject. The same pattern follow the verbs: tell, ask.

21. They gave John a warm welcome. John was given a warm welcome. My parents have promised me a holiday by the beach if I don’t fail any subjects. I have been promised a holiday by the... They told me not to move or they would kill me. I was told not to move or I would be killed. They asked me if I would like to go with them. I was asked if I … Menu