3. DNA and Translation Gene: section of DNA that creates a specific protein –Approx 25,000 human genes Proteins are used to build cells and tissue Protein synthesis involves two processes: 1) Transcription 2) Translation

4. Transcription takes place in the nucleus –1) DNA double helix is broken apart –2) mRNA nucleotides match up –3) Finished mRNA detaches, and moves to a ribosome

5. Codon: Combination of 3 mRNA nucleotides Each mRNA codon matches with 1 of 20 amino acids Ribosome reads codons 1 at a time Codon AUG = Methionine (Start) Codon GUU = Valine Codons UAA or UAG or UGA = Stop

6. Defined: Process of making proteins –Step 1: mRNA enters ribosome –Step 2: Ribosome reads one mRNA codon at a time –Step 3: tRNA delivers amino acids until a protein is created

7. Translation Details Translation begins when the mRNA codon “AUG” is read by the ribosome Each mRNA codon matches with a specific amino acid AUG = methionine GCU = alanine tRNA carries over the proper amino acid –tRNA anticodon matches with the mRNA codon –Ensures proper match One by one, amino acids are linked together Translation ends when a “stop” codon is read by the ribosome End result: Protein

8. Because the codon and anticodon don’t match, the wrong amino acid will not be delivered. This is why the anticodon is important! Now the codon and anticodon match. This ensures the proper amino acid (serine) is delivered.

9. GAU AUG CCG AGU CCA GGA UCU UGA tRNA UAC tRNA GGC tRNA UCA tRNA GGU tRNA CCU tRNA AGA Methi onine Pro- line Serine Pro- line Gly- cine Serine Ribosome Questions to answer: 1)List the amino acids that will be delivered to this ribosome. 2) What is the anticodon of each codon? 3) When finished, how many amino acids in size is this protein?

10. Practice Problem DNAmRNA codon tRNA anticodon Amino Acid Always use mRNA to find the amino acid

11. DNAmRNA codon tRNA anticodon Amino Acid Practice Problem Always use mRNA to find the amino acid

12. DNAmRNA codon tRNA anticodon Amino Acid Practice Problem Always use mRNA to find the amino acid CCACCA G G U C C A

13. Kobe Kuiz 1)Define transcription? Translation? 2)What are genes and how are they different from chromosomes? 3)How many nucleotides make a codon? 4)The anticodon can be found on which object? 5)The anticodon must match the ______. 6)Place the following steps in order from start to finish: a. Proteins are assembled b. Ribosome reads a codon one at a time c. mRNA arrives at the ribosome d. tRNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome 7) Be able to solve practice problems similar to the three examples on slides #9-11.

14. mRNA codes