1. Subject verb agreement

2. Final -s/-es: Use, Pronunciation, and Spelling
Noun + -s: Friends are important.
Noun + -es: I like my classes.
A final -s or -es is added to a noun to make the noun plural.
Friend and class = singular nouns
Friends and classes = plural nouns

3. Verb + -s: Mona works at the bank.
Verb + -es: Jihad watches birds.
A final -s or -es is added to a simple present verb when the subject is a singular noun (e.g., Mona, my father, the machine) or third person singular pronoun (she, he, it).
Mona works = singular She works = singular
The students work = plural They work = plural

4. seats -> seat/s/ ropes -> rope/s/ backs -> back/s/
Pronunciation
seats -> seat/s/
ropes -> rope/s/
backs -> back/s/
Final -s is pronounced /s/ after voiceless sounds, “t,” “p,” and “k” are examples of voiceless sounds. All of the above words are pronounced with one syllable.

5. seeds -> seed/z/
robes -> robe/z/
bags -> bag/z/
sees -> see/z/
Final -s is pronounced /z/after voiced sounds,“d,” “b,” “g,” and “ee” are examples of voiced sounds. All of the above words are pronounced with one syllable.

6. dishes -> dish/əz/
catches -> catch/əz/
kisses -> kiss/əz/
mixes -> mix/əz/
prizes -> prize /əz/
edges -> edge/əz/

7. Final -s and -es are pronounced /əz/ after “sh,” “ch,” “s,” “x,” “z,” and “ge”/ “dge” sounds. The /əz/ ending adds a syllable. All of the above words in are pronounced with two syllables.

8. sing -> sings song -> songs
Spelling
sing -> sings
song -> songs
For most words (whether a verb or a noun), simply add a final –s to spell the word correctly.

9. wash -> washes
watch -> watches
class -> classes
buzz -> buzzes
box -> boxes
Final -es is added to words that end in -sh, -ch, -s, -z, and -x.

10. toy -> toys
buy -> buys
For words that end in -y :
If -y is preceded by a vowel, only -s is added.

11. baby -> babies cry -> cries
If –y is preceded by a consonant, the -y is changed to -i/and -es is added.
Task 1: Do exercise 4,p.86(2 minutes)

12. Answers 4. bushes /əz/ 9. touches /əz/ 5. hats /s/ 10. coughs /s/
6. rises /əz/ methods /z/
7. seasons /z/ languages /əz/
8. develops /s/

13. Basic Subject-Verb Agreement
General rule Singular verbs go with singular nouns, Plural verbs go with plural nouns.

14. Singular Verb: My friend lives in Boston
Singular Verb: My friend lives in Boston. Verb + -sl-es = third person singular in the simple present tense Plural Verb: My friends live in Boston. Noun + -sl-es = plural

15. Plural Verbs My brother and sister live in Boston
Plural Verbs My brother and sister live in Boston. My brother, sister, and cousin live in Boston. Two or more subjects connected by and require a plural verb.

16. Every man, woman, and child needs love.
Each book and magazine is listed in the bibliography.
exception : Every and each are always followed immediately by singular nouns.
In this case, even when there are two (or more) nouns connected by and, the verb is singular.

17. That book on political parties is interesting.
The ideas in that book are interesting.
Sometimes a phrase or clause separates a subject from its verb. These interrupting structures do not affect basic agreement.
In the first sentence, the interrupting
prepositional phrase on political parties does not change the fact that the verb is must agree with the subject book.

18. The book that I got from my parents was very interesting.
The books I bought at the bookstore were expensive.
In the above sentences, the interrupting
adjective clauses do not change the fact that the verbs was/were must agree with the subjects book/books.

19. Watching old movies is fun.
A gerund (e.g., watching) used as the subject of the sentence requires a singular verb.
Task 2:Do exercise 8,p.87.

20. Answers
1. is 6. agree 11. do 2. are 7. approves 12. was 3. astounds 8. has 13. were 4. are 9. are is 14. Is 5. Is 10. is 15. is

21. Using Expressions of Quantity
Singular Verb Some o f the book is good, A lot of the equipment is new. Two-thirds of the money is mine. Most of our homework is easy.

22. Plural Verb Some of the books are good. A lot of my friends are here
Plural Verb Some of the books are good. A lot of my friends are here. Two-thirds of the boys are here. Most of our assignments are easy.

23. In most expressions of quantity, the verb is determined by the noun (or pronoun) that follows of. For example: some of + singular noun = singular verb some of + plural noun = plural verb

24. One of my friends is here. Each of my friends is here
One of my friends is here. Each of my friends is here. Every one of my friends is here. EXCEPTIONS: One of, each of, and every one of are followed by plural nouns and take singular verbs.

25. None of the boys are here.
None of the boys is here.
None of the boys are here.
Subjects with none o f used to be considered singular in very formal English, but plural verbs are often used in informal English and
sometimes even in formal writing.

26. The number o f students in the class is fifteen
The number o f students in the class is fifteen. The number is the subject. A number of students were late for class. A number of is an expression of quantity meaning “a lot of.” It is followed by a plural noun and a plural verb. Task 3:Do exercise 11, p.89

27. Answers 11. Each . . . has 12. Every one . . . is
13. animals are All . , . are
14. A number are
15. The number is
16. One is
17. Do students
18. Does homework
19. were students
20. was one
2. apples are
3. movie is
4. movies are
5. students are
6. money is
7. students are
8. clothing is
9. one is
10. Each has

28. Using There + Be
(a) There is a fly in the room. (b)There are three windows in this room. There + be introduces the idea that something exists in a particular place. There + be + subject + expression of place The subject follows be when there is used. In (a): The subject is a fly. (singular) In (b): The subject is three windows, (plural)

29. (c)informal: There's two sides to every story.
In informal spoken English, some native speakers use a singular verb even when the subject is plural, as in (c). The use of this form is fairly frequent but is not generally considered to be grammatically correct.
Task 4: Do exercise 14, p.91

30. answers
1. aren’t 7. was 2. isn’t 8. is 3. are 9. are 4. is 10. has been 5. are 11. have been 6. isn’t

31. Some Irregularities
Singular Verb The United States is big. The Philippines consists of more than 7,000 islands. The United Nations has its headquarters in New York City. Harrods is a department store.

32. Sometimes a proper noun that ends in -s is singular
Sometimes a proper noun that ends in -s is singular. In the examples, if the noun is changed to a pronoun, the singular pronoun it is used (not the plural pronoun they) because the noun is singular. The United States = it (not they)

33. The news is interesting. News is singular. Mathematics is easy for her
The news is interesting. News is singular. Mathematics is easy for her. Physics is easy for her too. Fields of study that end in -ics require singular verbs.

34. Diabetes is an illness. Certain illnesses that end in -s are singular: diabetes, measles, mumps, rabies, rickets, shingles.

35. Eight hours of sleep is enough. Ten dollars is too much to pay
Eight hours of sleep is enough. Ten dollars is too much to pay. Five thousand miles is too far to travel. Expressions of time, money, and distance usually require a singular verb.

36. Two and two is four. Two and two equals four
Two and two is four. Two and two equals four. Two plus two is/equals four. Five times five is twenty-five. Arithmetic expressions require singular verbs.

37. Plural Verb
Those people are from Canada. The police have been called. Cattle are domestic animals. Fish live under water. People, police, cattle, and fish do not end in -s, but they are plural nouns in the example sentences and require plural verbs.

38. Singular Verbs English is spoken in many countries
Singular Verbs English is spoken in many countries. (English = language) Chinese is his native language. Plural Verbs The English drink tea. (The English= People from England) The Chinese have an interesting history.

39. Some nouns of nationality that end in -sh, ese, and -ch can mean either language or people, e.g., English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Portuguese, French.

40. The poor have many problems. The rich get richer
The poor have many problems. The rich get richer. A few adjectives can be preceded by the and used as a plural noun (without final -s) to refer to people who have that quality. Other examples: the young, the elderly, the living, the dead, the blind, the deaf, the disabled. Task 4: Do exercise 19, p.94.

41. answer
2. is 11. is 3. is 12. are 4. seeks 13. is 5. is 14. commute 6. are 15. is . . isn’t it 7. Is 16. are 8. is 17. want 9. do 18. depends. . . are have 10. are