1. Seven Noun Functions
If you know the functions of nouns, you will understand the function of pronouns in a sentence…a 6th grade must!

2. Nouns
A NOUN is a part of speech. It can FUNCTION in 8 different ways. (PRONOUNS stand in the place of nouns & can function any way a noun can.)

3. Subject
The subject USUALLY does the action:
John ran away from the monster
Five days a week my mother dusts.
Nearing the yellow light, the driver sped up.
“It’s not fair!” shouted John.
Note that occasionally, as in d., the subject can follow the verb.
Sometimes the subject receives the action. That’s what’s called a passive voice sentence. There will always be a form of “to be” (is,are,was,were,be) & a past participle (jumped, laughed, eaten, spoken, sung, frozen, etc.)
The song was sung a capella.
The book was written in 1988.
John was hit in the head.
Subjects can be compound. Compound subjects take plural verbs.
John and Mark play baseball for the Ridgeland Titans.
Math, science, and English are my best subjects.

4. Practice
Which of the answer choices is the subject of the following sentence?
Because of his muscular definition, the bodybuilder won the title of Mr. Universe.
Definition
Bodybuilder
Title
Mr. Universe

5. B. bodybuilder
Prepositional Phrase with definition being the object of the preposition (noun) article
(Because of his muscular definition,) the bodybuilder won the title (of Mr. Universe.)
subject verb article Direct prepositional phrase: of = preposition
(noun) (action) Object Mr. Universe (noun) = object of the preposition
(noun)

6. Practice Which noun is the subject in the following sentence?
“Ridiculous!” shouted Sarah in a frustrated tone.
Ridiculous
Sarah
Frustrated
tone

7. b. Sarah “Ridiculous!” shouted Sarah (in a frustrated tone.)
adjective subject prepositional phrase
action verb noun in = preposition
a = article (non-descriptive adjective)
frustrated = adjective describing what kind of tone
tone = object of the preposition (noun)
Ridiculous! = adjective/exclamatory remark in this example

8. 2. Direct Object
A direct object follows the verb & receives its action. It answers the question “what” or “whom” in reference to the verb:
John threw the ball. (Threw what?)
Tomorrow morning Elisa will meet your sister and brother. (Meet whom?) (notice this is a compound DO)
We helped him with his homework. (Helped whom?)
He doesn’t understand anything about that complex story. (Understand what? “Anything” is a pronoun.)
While hiking, Alicia found a silver bracelet.

9. Practice What is the direct object in the following sentence?
Jason and Paige have been playing the music of The Band Perry.
Jason
Paige
Music
The Band Perry

10. c. music
Jason and Paige have been playing the music (of The Band Perry.)
Jason, Paige prepositional phrase
Compound subject verb phrase have been playing what? of = preposition
and = conjunction have been = helping verbs music = DO The Band Perry = OP (proper
playing = main verb (action) noun)

11. Practice What is the direct object in the following sentence?
Rachel and her sister Anna enjoy soccer and basketball.
Rachel
Sister
Anna
Enjoy
soccer
basketball

12. e. soccer f. basketball
Rachel and her sister Anna enjoy soccer and basketball.
subject conj Poss Subject appositive action verb conj.
pronoun
enjoy what? (direct object)
enjoy SOCCER and BASKETBALL = compound DO

13. 3. Indirect Object
The indirect object follows the verb & answers to whom or for whom in reference to the verb. (It can also be to/for what, but it’s usually to/for whom.) The indirect object is frequently a pronoun.
*You must have a DO to have an IO.
John gave me the money. (to whom?)
Elisa sent John a letter. (to whom?)
Addison bought Alex a car. (for whom?)
Momma made Kerry and me our favorite dessert. (for whom?) notice that the IO is compound

14. Practice What is the indirect object in the following sentence?
Dad fixed Jason some spaghetti for dinner.
Dad
Jason
some
Spaghetti
dinner

15. b. Jason Dad fixed Jason some spaghetti (for dinner.)
how much spaghetti?
Dad fixed Jason some spaghetti (for dinner.)
Subject verb Indirect adjective direct object preposition object of prep (noun)
object
action verb made what?
spaghetti= do
Dad (noun) Made spaghetti for whom?
Is the doer of Jason = indirect object
the action/subject for is the preposition
of the sentence dinner is the noun that ends this
prepositional phrase

16. Practice What is the indirect object in the following sentence?
Charlie handed Annie and me the report on Abe Lincoln.
Charlie
Annie Me
Report
Abe Lincoln

17. b. Annie c. me
Charlie handed Annie and me the report (on Abe Lincoln.)
subject action verb direct object prepositional phrase
Ask yourself, “Charlie handed what?” REPORT = direct object
Then ask, “Charlie handed the report (DO) to whom?” Annie and me (IO)
Remember that you MUST have a direct object in order to have an indirect object, so always look for the DO. Also, remember that you can have a DO and not have an IO, but you CAN’T have an IO if you do not have a DO.

18. 4. Predicate Nominative (Predicate Noun)
A predicate nominative follows the verb and renames the subject. Predicate nominatives can also be referred to as the subject complement.
Predicate nominatives follow LINKING VERBS (verbs of being – am, is, are, was, were, has been, have been, had been, will be, shall be, may be, might be, can be, should be, would have been; other common linking verbs – appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn [depending on their use in the sentence])
John is a student.
A Christmas Carol remains my favorite book.
Elisa became a lawyer.
Addison will be an excellent surgeon.
Emory might be a private university.

19. Practice
Which of the following sentences does not have a linking verb?
He became an honor student at Olde Towne Midle School.
Josh Johnson was a famous track star in the 1960s.
Johnson started his track career at Baylor University.
Roasted peanuts smell wonderful.

20. c. Johnson started his track career at Baylor University.
He became an honor student at Olde Towne Middle School.
Josh Johnson was a famous track star in the 1960s.
Johnson started his track career at Baylor University.
Roasted peanuts smell wonderful.
Here is a useful trick if you are not sure if the verb action or liking: exchange the verb for a basic verb of being (is/are, was/were). If the meaning of the sentence has not changed, the verb is linking.
He was an honor student (linking)
Josh Johnson was (linking)
Johnson was his track career (THIS DOES NOT MAKE SENSE) Action
Roasted peanuts are wonderful. (linking)

21. Practice What is the predicate nominative in the following sentence?
Peanut butter was the ingenious invention of a St. Louis doctor in 1890.
Peanut butter
Invention
St. Louis
doctor

22. b. invention
Peanut butter was the ingenious invention (of a St. Louis doctor)
(in 1890). Adjective prepositional phrase
Prep. phrase
subject
linking verb predicate nominative
Peanut butter = invention

23. You Must Know Your Prepositions
Copy the list of Commonly Used Prepositions and Some Compound Prepositions from p. 109 in your Language text.
Prepositions begin phrases, and the noun (or pronoun) at the end of the phrase is called the object of the preposition.
(According to my English teacher), I must memorize prepositions.
Prepositional phrase direct object
subject/pronoun
compound preposition verb phrase
object of the preposition/noun
I must memorize what? (DO)

24. Practice
Which of the following sentences DOES NOT have a prepositional phrase?
Before it rains, put your bike in the garage.
Turn down the stereo right now!
Karen, bring the newspaper in.
Will you read a novel by Ellen Raskin?

25. c. Karen, being the newspaper in.
Before it rains, put your bike (in the garage).
Turn left (on Maple Street) to get (to my house.)
Karen, bring the newspaper in.
Will you read a novel (by Ellen Raskin)?
In does not begin a phrase in this sentence.
In this sentence, the word in is an adverb telling where.

26. Object of a Preposition
Prepositions are words that link the rest of the sentence to their object. English is full of them: of, near, after, before, from, to, through, under, over, across, with…to name a few. A preposition has to have an object, and the object is a noun or pronoun at the end of the prepositional phrase.
He left after class.
I work with your friend.
My best friend lives across the street.
Over the river and through the woods to Grandmother’s house we go.

27. Practice
What is the object of the preposition in the following sentence?
The buried treasure is beneath the ancient Indian mound.
Treasure
Ancient
Indian
mound

28. d. Mound The buried treasure is (beneath the ancient Indian mound.)
subject /noun
linking verb
preposition
object of the preposition/noun

29. 6. Appositive
An appositive follows a noun and renames it.
My sister Rita lives in Virginia.
The book I’m reading, The Scarlet Letter, is set in the U.S.
I met my friend Helene last year.

30. Appositive Phrases
An appositive phrase is an appositive with modifiers. My teacher, Mrs. Andrews, went to Paris, France last year. My teacher, the always sweet Mrs. Andrews, went to Paris, France last year. Notice the modifiers always and sweet. Mrs. Andrews is the appositive, but the other words help to create the entire appositive phrase.

31. Practice What is the appositive in the following sentence?
Our hosts, Mr. and Mrs. Carrington, greeted us at the door.
Hosts
Mr. and Mrs. Carrington Us
door

32. c. Mr. and Mrs. Carrington
Our hosts, Mr. and Mrs. Carrington, greeted us (at the door).
subject/noun appositive/tells more about the prepositional phrase
noun before it
Hosts greeted whom? us (direct object)

33. 7. Noun of direct address
You use a noun of direct address when talking to someone:
Juan, when are you going to leave?
Mr. Smith, I haven’t finished the list.
Professor Gellar, I need to turn in my paper late.
In the first example, you is the subject of the sentence and Juan is the noun of direct address.
In the second example, I is the subject and Mr. Smith is the noun of direct address.

34. Practice What is the noun of direct address in the following sentence?
Please, Marybeth, pass the bread and butter.
Marybeth
(you)
Bread
butter

35. a. Marybeth
Please, Marybeth, pass the bread and butter. In this sentence, the subject is the understood you (you). Please is an introductory word. Marybeth is the noun of direct address. Bread and butter is the compound direct object.

36. Don’t let these confuse you!
Traditionally, the following two usages aren’t considered functions of a noun because they are adjective, but they ARE nouns that function as adjectives.
8. Examples of nouns that function as adjectives:
I need a paint bucket.
Give him that water glass.
9. We also make nouns possessive so that they can function as adjectives:
I met your mother’s friend.
We saw the clown’s face.