1. The Internet at Home and in the Workplace
Chapter 8

2. Objectives Briefly describe the history of the Internet
Explain what is needed to get on the Internet
Describe generally what an Internet service provider does
Describe the rudimentary functions of a browser
Describe how to search the Internet
January 19, 2003

3. Objectives List and describe the non-Web services of the Internet
Describe the various types of e-commerce
Discuss e-commerce payments and taxes
Describe how advertising is done on the Internet
Describe what an intranet is and how a business uses it
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4. History of the Internet
Government and Universities over 30 years
Who’s connected today?
Individuals
Educational institutions
Government/Military/Police
Research
Medical
Businesses
Everyone!
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5. The Early Years 1969 – US Department of Defense and Rand Corporation
Origins
Cold War – fear that a bomb could demolish computing capabilities
Several computers, geographically dispersed, networked together
Plan – if one computer was disabled, others could carry on using alternative communication routes
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6. The Early Years
Many WANs and LANs were installed, but machines on the WANs could not access information on the LANs..
Remote access was separated from local access
A single cohesive network was desirable.
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7. The Early Years
US Department of Defense had a similar scenario – lots of autonomous networks that could not interoperate
The DoD funded network research in the early ’70s through (D)ARPA creating various network technologies, including a research WAN called ARPANET.
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8. The Early Years
ARPANET allowed researchers the opportunity to build a working test-bed for networking ideas.
Solved incompatibility issues
Solved interoperability issues
Created an internetwork of LANs and the WANs
The Internet is born
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9. ARPANET Backbone The Early Years G2 G1 G3 G4 MIT LAN UCB LAN DARPA LAN
UCLA
LAN G3 G4
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10. The Early Years… Internet Software Internet Protocol (IP)
Provides basic communication
Handles the addressing and routing
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Provides services for applications to communicate
Packetizes message, reassembles message at the destination
The “TCP/IP Internet Protocol Suite”
aka TCP/IP
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11. The Early Years
ARAPA placed the research and software into the public domain.
All information was freely available to any person or vendor, allowing them to create devices or networks that would interoperate with the Internet technology.
Improvements were documented and made publicly available.
This philosophy is called an Open System
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12. The Early Years Internet documentation
On-line and accessible from the Internet
Reports for improvements to the Internet were initially a two step process
Request for comments (RFC) went out first
Internet Engineering Note came out with the comments as the final report.
Today the RFC remains as the definitive documentation for the Internet
On-line at
Also
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13. The Early Years The UNIX operating system
Built at Bell Labs in the early ’70s
UNIX given to universities to study
UC Berkeley team added LAN software
Distributed to others via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) and became known as BSD UNIX (The ancestor of today’s Free BSD)
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14. The Early Years
ARPA negotiated with UCB to add the TCP/IP suite to the BSD UNIX release.
Gave large number of universities access to study networking, and deploy it in their departments.
1982 the US Military chose the Internet as its primary communication system.
1983 the ARPANET began running TCP/IP exclusively.
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15. The Early Years Incredible growth from day one..
In 1982 ~200 machines were connected
By 1983 the number had doubled
With growth comes the problems..
Static lists of machines need updated
Limited memory space …
Software updates..
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16. The Early Years The Computer Science Network (CSNET)
Sponsored by NSF in early `80s
Goal was to connect every Computer Scientist in the country over one network.
CSNET was deployed using TCP/IP and the Internet
By mid 1980s most major university and research labs were connected to the Internet
Graduate students began to investigate the details of these new technologies, and include them in their research topics.
Developed new applications
Extended the technology
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17. The Early Years The IAB (Internet Activities Board)
(Now known as the Internet Architecture Board)
Original controlling body to coordinate TCP/IP research and Internet development.
Chairman – Internet Architect
RFC Editor
Formed volunteer task forces to solve problems
Task forces generated new RFCs
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18. The Early Years The IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
Originally chartered for short-term Internet development.
Now is responsible for most of the Internet technical development
Working groups meet and create the RFCs
Manet, ipsec, tcp…
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19. The Early Years
NSFNET
NSF recognized the importance of the Internet to the scientific community.
Interconnected the supercomputer centers around the US with a TCP/IP WAN
Proved useful, but small
NSF looked for ways to improve the ARPA Internet
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20. The Early Years The NSFNET Backbone
1988 WAN established as main backbone of the Internet
MCI – long distance transmission lines
IBM – dedicated computers and software
MERIT – network operation
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21. The Early Years The ANS Backbone (Advanced Networks and Services)
Consortium of MCI, IBM & MERIT
Allowed the government to begin privatization of the Internet
1992 – WAN was built to serve as the Internet backbone
ANSNET, 30 times NSFNET capacity
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22. The Early Years
Exponential growth …….
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23. Growth of Internet Growth in host computers Growth in users worldwide
72 million in 2000
162 million in 2002
Growth in users worldwide
567 million in 2002
780 million projected in 2003
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24. The Early Years
By 1999, the Internet was growing so fast that, on average, a computer was added to the Internet every second – and the rate continues to increase.
An interesting fact:
At any time from 1983 through 1999, approximately half the growth of the Internet occurred in the previous 12 months…
So, after you have been “on” the Internet for only one year, you will have had more experience than half the other users….
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25. The Early Years Growth – Good and Bad Good for vendors
Bad for the IETF
Predictions of imminent collapse
March 1993, Summer ’97
Technology improvements have kept up with bandwidth and switching speeds required.
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26. The Early Years The Hard limit – Address space
The IP protocol is limited to a number contained in 4 bytes (32 bits)…
Byte 3
Byte 2
Byte 1
Byte 0
This limits the number of possibilities to 232 = 4,294,967,296
There are solutions – IPv6
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27. The Early Years Summary
The Internet began as an ARPA research project.
The TCP/IP protocol software was developed to make the Internet operational.
The Internet is an Open System, with the technology freely available to all.
The Internet documentation is available on-line in the form of reports known as RFCs.
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28. The Early Years Summary (continued)
BSD UNIX distributed TCP/IP suite freely to universities in the early 80s
1982 US Military adopted TCP/IP as primary communication standard
Exponential growth from its inception
IAB formed to coordinate development
IETF - major technical development body
Working groups
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29. The Early Years Summary (Continued) 1988 – NSFNET Backbone
1992 – Privatization (ANSNET)
Exponential growth from its inception
Half of the users today have been there less than one year……
IP Address 32 bit limitation
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30. Tim Berners-Lee Worked at CERN lab in Geneva
Thought his work would be easier if he could link to colleagues’ computers
Envisioned a network of computers much like a spider web
Used links to transfer data from one site to another location
CERN site considered the birthplace of the World Wide Web
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31. Marc Andreessen Developed the first graphical browser
Called Mosaic
Led to Netscape Navigator
Could display attractive images and a graphical interface permitting users to click on pictures as well as text
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32. Internet Links A link on a Web site is easy to see
Either underlined and colored text or an icon
Clicking the link transfers data from that site to the user’s computer
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33. Browser Interface software used to explore the Internet
Early browsers were text-only
Mosaic was the first graphical browser
Graphical browsers combine ease of links with attractive graphical interface
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34. A Little About the Technology
A message sent over the Internet is divided into uniformly sized packets
Each packet labeled with its destination address
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
TCP creates and reassembles packets
IP handles addressing
Ensures that packets are routed to their ultimate destination
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35. The Internet Service Provider and the Browser
An Internet service provider (ISP) provides the server computer and software to connect to the Internet
Online service, such as America Online, includes Internet access, Internet service, and a browser
When you connect to the Internet, the browser displays a home page
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36. Menus and Buttons
Menu – a series of choices normally laid out across the top of the screen
Called pull-down menus
Each initial choice gives lower-level choices
Buttons can be used to invoke commands
Screen tip – a small text message that appears when you rest the cursor over a button
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37. Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
The complete, unique address of a Web page
Web page URL begins with http
HyperText Transfer Protocol – allows communication by using links to transfer data between sites
Domain name – address of site’s host computer
Last part of domain name is called a top-level domain
Identifies country or purpose of organization
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38. URL Uniform Resource Locator
Unique address of a web page or file on the Internet
Case-sensitive
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39. Processing Requests URL
User enters a URL
User computer sends request to the ISP server
ISP server sends request across networks of TCP/IP computers
Destination site is reached
Content is transmitted back to your computer (process in reverse)
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40. Plug-ins Software that increases browser functionality
Most downloaded from their own Web sites
Once downloaded and installed, the browser can handle the new features
Most enhance a site’s audio-video experience
Shockwave permits viewing sites that include quality animation
Adobe Acrobat Reader displays and prints documents created in Portable Document Format (PDF) form
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41. Web Page Programs
Small programs can be downloaded to run in your browser
Allow Web pages to perform many tasks
Allow dynamic interaction
Come in several forms
Scripting languages
Produce instructions to be interpreted and executed by your browser
JavaScript and VBScript are most common
Programs embedded in Web page
Java applets and ActiveX controls are most common
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42. Programming Java Write software that is machine independent
Programming language
Dancing icons
Sound clips
Flashing messages
Banners that scroll
Applets – Permits dynamic web pages
Display animations
Receive input
Perform calculations
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43. Programming ActiveX Controls
Capabilities similar to Java
Browser must be enabled to support applets / ActiveX Controls
Security issues
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44. Wireless Internet Access
Use handheld devices such as pagers, PDAs, or pocket computers to access the Internet
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) – convert Web pages into a format more compatible with limited capabilities of handheld devices
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45. Wireless Internet Access
Supports mobile handheld devices
Text pagers
PDAs
Pocket computers
Web-enabled cellular phones
Applications
Checking weather
Making airline reservations
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46. Searching the Internet
Search Engine – lets a user specify search terms
Search engine builds database of sites that match those terms
Uses spider software (or bots) to build database
Metasearch – searches search engines and builds comprehensive list
Internet directory – database is developed by human researchers rather than spider
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47. Processing Requests: Search Engine Database
Request same search using different engines yields different results
Databases built independently
Size
Content
Search methodology
Pages may be submitted by the owner
Metasearch – automatically puts the same request to several search engines
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48. Processing Requests: Search Engine Limitations
Index only a fraction of the Web
Approximately 20% to 33% of sites
More web pages added daily
Solution
Same request to several search engines
Metasearch
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49. Not Perfect Unregulated Useless web sites
Misinformation and misstatements on web sites
Concern over government censorship
Security & Privacy Issues
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50. Newsgroups Usenet – an informal network of computers
Allows posting and reading of messages
Typically focuses on specific topics
Requires a newsreader
Some are moderated
Messages sent to a moderator, who determines whether the message is appropriate
Prevents users from attacking other members and prevents inappropriate material from being posted
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51. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
A protocol for transferring files among computers
FTP servers maintain collections of downloadable files
Downloading can often be done anonymously, without logging in
Many FTP servers can be accessed through Web browser
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52. Telnet A protocol that allows remote users to log onto a host computer
Users use their own PCs
Users log in over the Internet
Users’ experience is the same as if they were sitting at the host computer’s local terminal
Remote user typically has to have a user ID and password
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53. E-Mail The most commonly used feature of the Internet
Network provides mail server
client software on your computer
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54. Mail Server Collects and stores messages in mailbox
address consists of user name, followed symbol, then domain name of mail server
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55. E-Mail Client Software
Allows you to manage your messages
Features
Address books
The ability to attach files
Some servers block all attached files
Filters
Direct incoming to specific folders
Block spam
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56. IRC: Internet Relay Chat
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57. Not Perfect: Social Issues
Behavior problems
Who is out there?
What are they doing?
Netiquette
Suggestions for appropriate behavior
Example: TYPING IN CAPS is shouting
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58. The World of E-Commerce
Electronic commerce - buying and selling over the Internet
Three forms
Business-to-consumer (B2C)
Business-to-business (B2B)
Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
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59. Business-to-Consumer
Businesses selling goods to consumers
Has received the most media attention
Estimates of U.S. online sales
$48 billion in 2002
Projected $130 billion by 2006
Several models
Pure-play
Bricks-and-clicks
Flips-and-clicks
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60. Pure-Play Model Companies operate exclusively over the Internet
Some have their own warehouses
Others relay orders to manufacturer or wholesaler
Examples include Amazon.com and etoys.com
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61. Bricks-and-Clicks Model
Traditional retail outlets that have established a Web site
Name is a play on “bricks and mortar”
Examples include J.C. Penney and Macys
Well-known brand names
Loyal customer base
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62. Flips-and-Clicks Model
Traditional mail-order retailers that have established Web sites
Catalogs placed on Web sites
Allow customers to replace flipping pages with clicking links and icons
Examples include L.L. Bean and Land’s End
Allows retailer to reach many more customers
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63. Business-to-Business
Businesses selling to other businesses
Has not received much media attention
Estimates of worldwide sales
$1.9 trillion in 2002
Projected $8.5 trillion by 2005
Internet exchanges are being developed to provide electronic marketplaces
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64. Internet Exchanges Create a marketplace Advantages Potential concerns
Bring together many buyers and sellers
Advantages
Reduced costs of procurement (purchasing)
The ability to consider many suppliers
Potential concerns
Security
Antitrust concerns (possible price-fixing)
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65. Consumer-to-Consumer
Takes place on online auction sites
Make buying and selling unique items easy
Your item is visible to anyone in the world with an Internet connection
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66. Payments and Taxes E-commerce payments E-commerce taxes
Some people are leery of submitting credit card information online
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol provides a secure way to make online payments
E-commerce taxes
Internet Tax Freedom Act provides tax relief on Internet commerce
Commission studies the effects of taxation of Internet commerce
Act set to expire in 2005
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67. Internet Portals Your first stop on the Internet
Provide personalization to users
Site is customized based on information you provide
Encourages you to visit the site often
Provide referrals to other businesses
Site contains links to affiliate sites
If you click on an affiliate site and make a purchase, the portal receives a percentage of the sale
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68. Internet Advertising Many advertisements on Web sites are banner ads
Originally in the shape of a long rectangle
Require the user to leave the current site
Other ad types
Pop-over ads open a new window on top of your current window
Pop-under ads open a new window underneath your current window
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69. Intranets A private Internet-like network
Internal to a certain company
Extranets allow selected customers and suppliers to have access to a company’s intranet
Easy to set up
Offer many potential uses
Can be linked to the Internet
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70. Setting up an Intranet Easy to set up Hardware requirements
Most organizations already have a local area network
Hardware requirements
Software requirements
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71. Hardware Requirements
Server computer handles requests
Computer for storing databases and other documents
Client computers needed for access to the Intranet
TCP/IP protocols must be in place
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72. Software Requirements
Server must be able to process requests from other computers
Server must be able to retrieve data from computers that store it
Each access computer needs a browser
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73. Uses of Intranets Users can
Retrieve information such as benefits information and job openings
Submit vacation requests, applications for open positions, etc.
Employers can post employee handbooks, corporate policies, and other information in a central location
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74. Virtual Private Network
Technology that uses the Internet as a channel for private data communication
Uses tunneling technology
Offers many benefits over a private network
Much cheaper than dedicated lines
Data is secure
Turns remote network administration over to ISP
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75. Tunneling Also called encapsulation
Transfers data between two similar networks over an intermediate network
Data packets follow Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
Data embedded in TCP/IP packets carried by the Internet
Data packets are encoded before encapsulation
When received, they are separated and returned to their original format
Provides security for data packets
January 19, 2003