1. Lesson 27 Power Factor Correction

2. Learning Objectives
Define power factor correction and unity power factor correction.
Calculate the inductor or capacitor value required to correct AC series parallel networks to the desired apparent power.
Compare currents, voltages, and power in AC series parallel networks before and after power factor correction.

3. Why is Power Factor Important?
Consider the following example: A generator is rated at 600 V and supplies one of two possible loads. Load 1: P = 120 kW, FP = 1 Load 2: P = 120 kW, FP = 0.6
How much current (I) is the generator required to supply in each case?

4. Why is Power Factor Important?
For the load with Fp = 0.6, the generator had to supply 133 more amperes in order to do the same work (P)!
Larger current means larger equipment (wires, transformers, generators) which cost more.
Larger current also means larger transmission losses (think I2R).

5. Why is Power Factor Important?
Because of the wide variation in possible current requirements due to power factor, most large electrical equipment is rated using apparent power (S) in volt-amperes (VA) instead of real power (P) in watts (W).
Is it possible to change the power factor of the load?

6. POWER-FACTOR CORRECTION
FIG Demonstrating the impact of power-factor correction on the power triangle of a network.

7. Power Factor Correction
Almost all loads are inductive.
In order to cancel the reactive component of power, we must add reactance of the opposite type. This is called power factor correction.
Capacitor bank in shipboard power panel for FP correction

8. Power Factor Correction
In practice, almost all loads (commercial, industrial and residential) look inductive (due to motors, fluorescent lamp ballasts, etc.).
Hence, almost all power factor correction consists of adding capacitance.

9. Power Factor Correction Solution Steps
Calculate the reactive power (Q) of the load
Insert a component in parallel of the load that will cancel out that reactive power e.g. If the load has QLD=512 VAR, insert a capacitor with QC=-512 VAR.
Calculate the reactance (X) that will give this value of Q Normally the Q=V2/X formula will work
Calculate the component value (F or H) required to provide that reactance.

10. Example Problem 1
The 600 V (60 Hz) generator is connected to a load with PLD = 120 kW and QLD = 160 kVAR.
Determine the power factor of the load.
Determine the Capacitance (in Farads) required to correct the power factor to unity.

11. Power factor correction capacitors for A, B, and C phases at the Crofton , MD substation Rating: 230 kV, 360 MVAR
size comparison
Capacitor banks

12. Example Problem 2
Determine the value of the capacitance (in F) required to bring the power factor up to unity (freq of 60 Hz).
Determine generator current before and after correction.
Notice that XC ≠ XL!
Notice that XC ≠ XLD !

13. Power Factor Correction
Transmission lines and generators must be sized to handle the larger current requirements of an unbalanced load.
Industrial customers are frequently fined by the utility if their power factor deviates from the prescribed value established by the utility.

14. Example Problem 3 Determine S, PT, QT, and FP.
Determine the value of the capacitance (in F) required to bring the power factor up to unity (freq of 60 Hz).
Determine generator current before and after correction.