1. Autonomous Solar Strategies Sept. 13, 2004 http://www.uvm.edu/~gflomenh/CDAE170/ Gary Flomenhoft, BSME, MPP, CEE Research Associate, Gund Institute, SNR

2. Why Solar?

3. World Oil Extraction

4. Peak Gas and Oil

5. The Epoch of Fossil Fuel Exploitation (after Hubbert, 1969) 0 -5 -4-3 -2 +1 +2+3 +4 +5 Iron in Middle East Stonehenge Built Parthenon completed Pyramids constructed Mayan culture Inquisition Black Death Magellan's Circumnavigation Steam Engine 100 200 300 Trillion kwh per year

6. Prices = Economic Scarcity What is the scarce resource?

7. Scarce resource but no price 150 years for feedback

8. Forms of Solar

9. GREECE

10. CHINA

11. HELIOCAMINUS

12. DUTCH

13. WINDOW INSULATION-DUTCH

14. HORTICULTURE

15. CONSERVATORY HEAT

16. ROOF GARDENS

17. SOLAR HOT DOGS

18. How much solar?

19. Vermont Fuel choices

20. VT Electric Energy Supply Mix

21. John’s House Rough Lumber from Local Mill Spruce Siding from Local Mill Roof Slate Recycled from Old Barn House is Super Insulated (R 30 walls dense-pack cellulose) Casement Windows are R 6 Heat w/ Wood, 1 cord/winter Back-up radiant heat 1400 square feet + basement Greenhouse is mostly recycled Double Pane Glass in Greenhouse Greenhouse Wood is Salvaged old-growth Cypress NO PLYWOOD!

22. Passive Solar Building Strategies 1.Choose a good site. 2.Orient east-west and 10deg to TRUE south 3.Locate most windows on south side 7-12% of ft 2. 4.Minimize windows on N,W,E sides 5.Provide overhangs or shading to regulate solar gain 6.Thermal storage mass 7.Insulate walls, ceilings, floors, foundations, & windows 8.Protect insulation from moisture 9.Seal house against air infiltration; provide air exchange 10.Provide direct solar heat to each room 11.Create sun free spaces 12.Provide properly sized eco-friendly back-up 13.Protect from wind by landscape or earth berm 14.Synchronize design with living patterns

23. 1. Choose a good site MO.JANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDEC %SUN34%43%48%47%53%59%62%59%51%43%25%24% HDD1513133311877143539028652075398911349 TEMPWINTER=29.4FHDD=<65F = <70F INTERIORTOT8269 BURLINGTON, VT DATA

24. 1. Choose a good site-bearing angle

25. 1. Choose a good site-Altitude angle

26. 1. Choose a good site

27. 2. Orient EAST-WEST AXIS to TRUE south STOP

28. 2. Orient within 10deg to TRUE south

29. 2800 km 2. Orient within 10deg to TRUE south

31. Declination (variation) 2. Orient within 10deg to TRUE south

32. PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN-5 Design Elements

33. PASSIVE DESIGN

36. PASSIVE DESIGN-Direct Gain

37. PASSIVE DESIGN

38. Indirect Gain: Trombe wall (unvented)

39. Indirect Gain: Trombe Wall: vented (Thermal storage or Trombe wall) Vented Trombe wall

40. Indirect gain: Sunspace

41. Ted Montgomery’s Green Home Garden Room

42. Looking South is a Sunroom Topped with PVs

43. Review of Indirect Gain Principles-Chiras 1.Orient south +-10 degrees 2.High performance glass 3.Thermally isolate glass 4.High quality caulk 5.Use Selective surface or high temp paint 6.Use dense material 7.Minimal interior finish 8.Insulate glass at night Direct + Indirect glazing = MAX 20% of floor area

44. Selective Surfaces

45. 3. Locate most windows on south side South glass: 7-12% of floor footage SQUARE FOOTAGE = HEATED FLOOR AREA EXAMPLE: 12% OF 3000 SQ FT = 360 SQ FT 4. Minimize windows on N,W,E sides North glass: <=4% East glass: <=4% West glass: <=2% Use low-e multiple panes

46. Windows-Yestermorrow Windows Facing South Ventilation throughout building Triple pane glass

48. PASSIVE DESIGN

49. What kind of windows?

55. What Kind of Windows?

56. Window insulation

57. 5. Provide overhangs or shading to regulate solar gain

58. L = Length of Projection H = Height of window opening L = H / F44º latitude: F=2.0-2.7

59. 5. Provide overhangs or shading to regulate solar gain

61. 6. Thermal mass-maximize surface area Sun-tempered = 7% of floor footage. Incidental mass takes care of it (sheetrock, framing, furniture) >7% glazing needs extra mass. MASS 4-6” thick: *Mass proportional to glazing* DIRECT FLOOR MASS: Each square foot of glazing over 7% x 5.5 or INDIRECT FLOOR MASS: glazing >7%sq.ft. x 40 or INDIRECT WALL MASS: glazing >7% x 8.3

62. 6. Thermal mass-Values Adobe20 Brick24 Concrete35 Earth20 sand22 Steel59 Stone35 water63 wood10.6

63. Insulated Thermal Mass Floor In Sunroom 6. Thermal mass

64. Radiant Heat Floor: Stained Cement 6. Thermal mass

66. Solar Storage in Cans Full of High- Performance Salt (phase change) 6. Thermal mass

67. 7. Insulate Walls, ceiling, floors, foundations, & windows Recommendations: (Olson and Schwartz) ClimateWallceiling TemperateR-30R-60 ColdR-40R-80 HotR-40R-80 Kachadorian (Vermont) R-32R-40 Fiberglass/cellulose = R3/inch R-80 = 27”!

68. 7. Insulation

69. 7. Insulate Walls, ceiling, floors, foundations, & windows

71. 7. Insulation-cold attic

73. 7. Insulation-cathedal ceiling or warm attic-roof spans

74. 7. Insulation

75. 7. Insulation-summary Saskatchewan superinsulated house quote.

76. 8. Protect insulation from moisture: Use vapor barrier on warm side 9. Seal House against air infiltration; provide air exchange

77. 9. Seal house against infiltration; provide air exchange

78. 10. Provide direct solar heat to each room-clerestories

79. Cordwood construction

80. 10. Provide direct solar heat to each room-Skylight

81. 10. Provide direct solar heat (&light) to each room

83. “Solar Tubes” Day Lighting 11. Create sun-free spaces

84. “Solar Tubes” From Inside 11. Create sun-free spaces

85. Central Wood Pellet Boiler 12. Provide properly sized eco-friendly back-up

86. Wood Pellets 12. Provide properly sized eco-friendly back-up

87. Berming for Insulation And Wind protection Prefinished metal roof 13. Protect from wind by landscaping or earth berm

88. 14. Synchronize with living patterns?

89. SOLAR HOT WATER SYSTEMS

90. Solar Hot water: Collectors-Flat Plate

92. Solar Hot Water Collectors-Evacuated tube

94. 100% heat and hot water/no fuel-ground source heat pump

95. Photovoltaic Systems (Electricity)

96. Photovoltaic Systems- Rigid panels on roof

97. PV Systems-BIPS-standing seam metal systems

98. PV Systems- BIPS-Field Applied Roofing Laminate (PVL)

99. PV Systems-BIPS “sunslate” solar tiles

100. PV Systems-Sunslate tile (crystalline)

101. PV Systems-BIPS: Uni-Solar tiles (amorphous)

102. PV Systems-BIPS Uni-solar tiles

103. 100% power Vermont -Combine PV & wind w/grid intertie=less batteries

104. 100% power-Grid tie & independent inverter