2. 1 Basic Structure of a Cell copyright cmassengale

3. 2 Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal CellPlant Cell Bacterial Cell copyright cmassengale

4. 3 Number of Cells Organisms may be: Unicellular – composed of one cell Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize copyright cmassengale

5. 4  Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles  Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals) Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic copyright cmassengale

6. 5 Prokaryotes Nucleoid region contains the DNA Cell membrane & cell wall Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm copyright cmassengale

7. 6 Eukaryotic Cell Contain 3 basic cell structures: Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm with organelles copyright cmassengale

8. 7 Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell copyright cmassengale

9. 8 Organelles Very small size Can only be observed under a microscope Have specific functions Found throughout cytoplasm copyright cmassengale

10. 9 Organelles Found in Cells Examples of Organelles include: Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) – canals for movement Golgi Bodies – wrap & export proteins Nucleolus – makes ribosomes Lysosomes – digests & gets rid of wastes Ribosomes – makes proteins copyright cmassengale

11. 10 Golgi Bodies Stacks of flattened sacsStacks of flattened sacs Have a shipping side & a receiving sideHave a shipping side & a receiving side Receive & modify proteins made by ERReceive & modify proteins made by ER Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the endsTransport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends Transport vesicle copyright cmassengale

12. 11 Lysosome Contain digestive enzymesContain digestive enzymes Break down food and worn out cell parts for cellsBreak down food and worn out cell parts for cells Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts)Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts) copyright cmassengale

13. 12 Nucleolus Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli Inside nucleusInside nucleus Disappears when cell dividesDisappears when cell divides Makes ribosomes that make proteinsMakes ribosomes that make proteins copyright cmassengale

14. 13 Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT copyright cmassengale

15. 14 Rod shape Site of Cellular respiration Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion ( mitochondria ) copyright cmassengale

16. 15 Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria Burn sugars to produce energy ATP In Animal Cells: Mitochondria copyright cmassengale

17. 16 Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells Made of protein and phospholipids Selectively permeable Cell membrane Surrounding the Cell copyright cmassengale

18. 17 Living layer Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell Selectively permeable Cell membrane Cell or Plasma Membrane copyright cmassengale

19. 18 Nonliving layer Gives structure and shape to plant and bacterial cells Cell wall Cell Wall copyright cmassengale

20. 19 Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place Cytoplasm Cytoplasm of a Cell copyright cmassengale

21. 20 Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion Cytoplasm More on Cytoplasm copyright cmassengale

22. 21 Controls the normal activities of the cell Contain the DNA Bounded by a nuclear membrane Contains chromosomes Control Organelle Nucleus copyright cmassengale

23. 22 Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes Genes control cell characteristics Nucleus More on the Nucleus copyright cmassengale

24. 23 Contain the green pigment chlorophyll Traps sunlight to make to make sugars (food) Process called photosynthesis Plant Cell Organelles Chloroplast copyright cmassengale

25. 24 Dead layer Large empty spaces present between cellulose fibers Freely permeable Cell wall Plant Cell copyright cmassengale

26. 25 Plant Cell Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers Strong and rigid Found in plant cells Cell wall copyright cmassengale

27. 26 Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm) Resist entry of excess water into the cell Give shape to the cell Cell wall Plant Cell copyright cmassengale

28. 27 Have a large central vacuole Surrounded by tonoplast Contains cell sap Sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments Plant Cell Organelles Vacuole copyright cmassengale

29. 28 Different kinds of plant cells Onion Epidermal Cells Root Hair Cell root hair Guard Cells copyright cmassengale

30. 29 mitochondrion nucleus glycogen granule cell membrane cytoplasm Animal cell No cell wall or chloroplast Stores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy vacuole copyright cmassengale

31. 30 Animal Cell Organelles Near the nucleus Paired structures Help cell divide copyright cmassengale

32. 31 Different kinds of animal cells white blood cell red blood cell cheek cells sperm nerve cell muscle cell Amoeba Paramecium copyright cmassengale

33. 32 Similarities between plant cells and animal cells Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Both have a nucleus Both contain mitochondria copyright cmassengale

34. 33 Differences between plant cells and animal cells Animal cellsPlant cells Relatively smaller in size Irregular shape No cell wall Relatively larger in size Regular shape Cell wall present copyright cmassengale

35. 34 Animal cellsPlant cells Vacuole small or absent Glycogen as food storage Nucleus at the center Large central vacuole Starch as food storage Nucleus near cell wall Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells copyright cmassengale

36. 35 Compound Microscope Instrument for observing small objects Magnify images up to 2000X their size copyright cmassengale

37. 36 Different parts of a microscope copyright cmassengale

38. 37 Eyepiece Fine adjustment Arm Stage Condenser control knob Base Body tube Coarse adjustment Iris diaphragm Revolving nosepiece Objective Clip Condenser Mirror copyright cmassengale

39. 38 The cell is the Basic Unit of Life Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms Unicellular organisms are made of one cell only The cells of multicellular organisms are specialized to perform different functions –e.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis and root hair cells for water absorption copyright cmassengale

40. 39 Levels of organization Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions copyright cmassengale

41. 40 Tissue A group of similar cells to perform a particular function –Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue –Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll copyright cmassengale

42. 41 Organ Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions –Heart : consists of muscles, nervous tissue and blood vessels –Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue copyright cmassengale

43. 42 Stoma Air Space Spongy Mesophyll Cell Chloroplast The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ) Palisade Mesophyll Cell copyright cmassengale

44. 43 The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ) copyright cmassengale

45. 44 System Several organs and tissues work together to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way –Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems –Plant : root and shoot systems copyright cmassengale

46. 45 Human Body Systems Examples of systems :  Digestive System  Respiratory System  Circulatory System  Nervous System  Reproductive System copyright cmassengale

47. 46 Examples of a Human Body System copyright cmassengale

48. 47 Examples of a Human Body System copyright cmassengale

49. 48 Examples of a Human Body System Circulatory System copyright cmassengale

50. 49 Examples of a Human Body System Nervous System copyright cmassengale

51. 50 Levels of Organization  CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)  TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)  ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach)  SYSTEMS (circulatory system)  ORGANISM (human) copyright cmassengale

52. 51 It’s You! copyright cmassengale