1. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed EET 2259 Unit 12 Data Acquisition  Read Bishop, Chapter 8.  Lab #12 and Homework #12 due next week.

2. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Data Acquisition  The text’s Chapter 8 covers several kinds of material: Data acquisition hardware (Sections 8.1 to 8.5): Not much on LabVIEW in these sections. LabVIEW data acquisition without the DAQ Assistant (Sections 8.6 to 8.8): This is how you had to do it before LabVIEW version 7.0, and how some people still prefer to do it. LabVIEW data acquisition using the DAQ Assistant (Sections 8.9 to 8.12): You’re already familiar with much of this.

3. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Data Acquisition Hardware  Outline: Components of a DAQ System (§8.1) Types of Signals (§8.2) Transducers and Signal Conditioning (§8.3) Signal Grounding and Measurements (§8.4) Analog-to-Digital Conversion (§8.5)  Each of these topics could occupy us for a week, so we’ll just hit the high points.  For lots more detail, see NI’s website: LabVIEW Measurements Manual LabVIEW Measurements Manual Measurement Fundamentals Main Page

4. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Components of a DAQ System (§8.1) Image from NI’s websitewebsite

5. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Types of Signals (§8.2) Image from LabVIEW Measurements ManualLabVIEW Measurements Manual

6. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Transducers and Signal Conditioning (§8.3)  A transducer (or sensor) is a device that converts a physical quantity (such as temperature, pressure, light intensity, …) to an electrical signal (such as voltage or current).

7. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Some Common Transducers Image from LabVIEW Measurements ManualLabVIEW Measurements Manual

8. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Signal Conditioning  In many cases the electrical signal coming from the transducer must be conditioned in some way before it is converted into digital format for use by the computer.  Examples of signal conditioning include: Amplifying a weak signal Filtering out noise from the signal

9. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Signal Conditioning For Some Transducers Image from LabVIEW Measurements ManualLabVIEW Measurements Manual

10. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Signal Grounding and Measurements (§8.4)  Signal sources can be either: Grounded (also called referenced) Floating (also called non-referenced)

11. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Grounded Signal Source  Examples: Function generator or power supply whose negative terminal is tied to earth ground through the power cord. Image from LabVIEW Measurements ManualLabVIEW Measurements Manual

12. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Floating Signal Source  Examples: Our red trainer’s function generator or power supply, whose negative terminal is not tied to earth ground through the power cord. Battery-powered devices Transformers Thermocouples Image from LabVIEW Measurements ManualLabVIEW Measurements Manual

13. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Measurement System Configuration  Measurement systems can be configured as either: Differential Referenced Single-Ended (RSE) Non-Referenced Single-Ended (NRSE)  The PCI-6221 cards inside our computers can be configured in any of these modes.  The myDAQ can only be configured in differential mode.

14. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Differential Measurement System Image from LabVIEW Measurements ManualLabVIEW Measurements Manual

15. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Referenced Single-Ended (RSE) Measurement System Image from LabVIEW Measurements ManualLabVIEW Measurements Manual

16. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Non-Referenced Single-Ended (NRSE) Measurement System Image from LabVIEW Measurements ManualLabVIEW Measurements Manual

17. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Matching Signal Grounding to Measurement Configuration Image from LabVIEW Measurements ManualLabVIEW Measurements Manual. See also pages 11-14 of NI myDAQ User Guide and Specifications.NI myDAQ User Guide and Specifications See also NI tutorial on Ground Loops and ReturnsGround Loops and Returns.

18. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Analog-to-Digital Conversion (§8.5)  Before a computer can process analog information, we must first use an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to transform the analog values into digital binary values.

19. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed The ADC periodically samples the analog signal, and converts each sampled value of the analog signal into a binary code. An ADC’s sampling rate tells how often the circuit “takes a snapshot” of the signal being digitized. It’s expressed either as number of samples per second or as a frequency. Example: 1000 samples/sec or 1 kHz. Sampling Rate

20. The more bits that are used to represent the value of each smaple, the better the ADC’s resolution is. Better resolution results in a more accurate representation of the original signal. The following slides (from Floyd’s Digital Electronics) show an example of how using 4 bits results in much better resolution than using 2 bits. Number of Bits and Resolution

21. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Digital Fundamentals, Tenth Edition Thomas L. Floyd Figure 12.8 Light gray = original waveform. Blue = Reconstructed waveform using four quantization levels (2 bits).

22. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Digital Fundamentals, Tenth Edition Thomas L. Floyd Figure 12.10 Light gray = original waveform. Blue = Reconstructed waveform using sixteen quantization levels (4 bits).

23. There are several common ways of specifying an ADC’s resolution: Number of bits, n Number of output codes, = 2 n Step size (which Bishop calls code width), = V ref / 2 n Resolution

24. Resolution: Examples Formula4-bit ADC10-bit ADC Number of bits n 4 Number of output codes 2n2n 16 Step size (assuming 5 V reference voltage) V ref / 2 n 312.5 mV

25. Let’s find the resolution and sampling rate for the ADCs inside our equipment. NI myDAQ User Guide and Specifications NI PCI-6221 Specifications Specs for Our Equipment

26. LabVIEW Data Acquisition without the DAQ Assistant (§§8.6 – 8.8)  Before the DAQ Assistant was introduced, LabVIEW programmers had to use the functions on the Measurement I/O > NI-DAQmx palette to perform data acquisition.

27. Express VIs  Express VIs (the DAQ Assistant is one example) were introduced in LabVIEW 7.0.  They provide user-friendly ways to do things that you could also do using other LabVIEW functions and subVIs.

28. Seeing the Code Hidden Inside an Express VI  You can convert an Express VI to standard LabVIEW code by right- clicking and selecting “Open Front Panel.”  In the case of a DAQ Assistant, you can also right-click and select “Generate NI-DAQmx Code.”

29. LabVIEW Data Acquisition with the DAQ Assistant (§§8.9 – 8.12)  You already know much of what is discussed in these sections, since you’ve been using the DAQ Assistant since the start of this class.  Read these sections to review and strengthen your knowledge.