1. Universal Measurement of Ships Colin Cridland IMSF Gdansk, April 2008

2. © Colin Cridland Objectives To propose new method(s) of measure that universally equally to ALL sizes and types of vessel allowing easy comparison (ie Like with Like) To propose new method(s) of measure that universally equally to ALL sizes and types of vessel allowing easy comparison (ie Like with Like) To highlight weaknesses with existing measurements To highlight weaknesses with existing measurements

3. © Colin Cridland Existing Types of Measure TONNAGES TONNAGES Dwt, Displacement, Lightweight Dwt, Displacement, Lightweight CAPACITIES CAPACITIES Liquid (m3), Liquid Gas (m3), Grain (m3), Ore (m3), Bale (m3), TEUs, Lane Metres (m), Cars, Trucks, Trailers, Passengers etc Liquid (m3), Liquid Gas (m3), Grain (m3), Ore (m3), Bale (m3), TEUs, Lane Metres (m), Cars, Trucks, Trailers, Passengers etc DIMENSIONS DIMENSIONS Length Overall (m), Length BP (m), Beam (m), Draught (m), Depth (m) etc Length Overall (m), Length BP (m), Beam (m), Draught (m), Depth (m) etc HYBRIDS HYBRIDS GRT/GT, NRT/NT, SCNT, PCNT, CGT GRT/GT, NRT/NT, SCNT, PCNT, CGT

4. © Colin Cridland Tonnages Deadweight (dwt) Deadweight (dwt) Maximum vessel can carry in tonnes by way of cargo, stores, fuel, crew etc which is not permanent part of structure of ship up to the maximum summer load line. Maximum vessel can carry in tonnes by way of cargo, stores, fuel, crew etc which is not permanent part of structure of ship up to the maximum summer load line. Reasonable measurement for majority liquid or dry bulk vessels as cargo component forming close to 98% of dwt Reasonable measurement for majority liquid or dry bulk vessels as cargo component forming close to 98% of dwt Unrepresentative for majority of vessels carrying low density cargoes like containers, LNG, passengers, vehicles etc Unrepresentative for majority of vessels carrying low density cargoes like containers, LNG, passengers, vehicles etc

5. © Colin Cridland Tonnages (continued) Lightweight (lwt, ldt or lwdt) Lightweight (lwt, ldt or lwdt) Basically the weight of the ship itself with no cargo, stores etc. Basically the weight of the ship itself with no cargo, stores etc. Used widely at the time vessels are negotiating for scrap Used widely at the time vessels are negotiating for scrap Otherwise of little use as weight of steel is no indication of vessel size with similar sizes having huge tonnage variation due to type of steel used. Otherwise of little use as weight of steel is no indication of vessel size with similar sizes having huge tonnage variation due to type of steel used. Displacement Displacement Basically the full weight of a fully laden ship Basically the full weight of a fully laden ship DISPLACEMENT = DWT plus LWT DISPLACEMENT = DWT plus LWT

6. © Colin Cridland Hybrid Measures Gross Tonnage (GT) – replaces (GRT) Gross Tonnage (GT) – replaces (GRT) An artificial ‘tonnage’ measurement based on the total volume of enclosed spaces An artificial ‘tonnage’ measurement based on the total volume of enclosed spaces Calculated by taking the total capacity of enclosed spaces in m3 (V) and multiplying by a coefficient (K) calculated by 0.2+0.02 log 10 V (e.g. 100,000 m3 x 0.3 becomes 30,000 GT and 200,000 m3 x 0.306 becomes 61,200 GT) Calculated by taking the total capacity of enclosed spaces in m3 (V) and multiplying by a coefficient (K) calculated by 0.2+0.02 log 10 V (e.g. 100,000 m3 x 0.3 becomes 30,000 GT and 200,000 m3 x 0.306 becomes 61,200 GT) Better than dwt for comparing vessels with low density cargoes within enclosed spaces with high density cargoes Better than dwt for comparing vessels with low density cargoes within enclosed spaces with high density cargoes BUT useless for containerships with majority of cargo outside enclosed spaces BUT useless for containerships with majority of cargo outside enclosed spaces AND Complicated, Meaningless, Unrepresentative AND Complicated, Meaningless, Unrepresentative

7. © Colin Cridland Hybrid Measures (cont) Net Tonnage (NT) – replaces (NRT) Net Tonnage (NT) – replaces (NRT) An artificial ‘tonnage’ measurement based on the total volume of enclosed spaces dedicated to cargo An artificial ‘tonnage’ measurement based on the total volume of enclosed spaces dedicated to cargo Calculated by formula: Calculated by formula: NT = K 2 V c (4d/3D) 2 + K 3 (N 1 + (N 2 / 10)) NT = K 2 V c (4d/3D) 2 + K 3 (N 1 + (N 2 / 10)) K 2 = as per K in GT, V c = m3 enclosed cargo space d = moulded draught amidships, D = moulded depth amidships, N1 = no passengers with not more than 8 berths N2 = no of other passengers K3 = 1.25 ((GT+10,000)/10,000) K 2 = as per K in GT, V c = m3 enclosed cargo space d = moulded draught amidships, D = moulded depth amidships, N1 = no passengers with not more than 8 berths N2 = no of other passengers K3 = 1.25 ((GT+10,000)/10,000) A ‘Black Art’ A ‘Black Art’ Even worse than GT!! Even worse than GT!! Too Complicated to be calculated by Shipyards Too Complicated to be calculated by Shipyards

8. © Colin Cridland Capacities Cubic Capacity (m3) Cubic Capacity (m3) Liquid, Liquefied Gas, Grain, Ore, Bale Liquid, Liquefied Gas, Grain, Ore, Bale Units Units Lane Metres – Linear (cannot convert to m3) Lane Metres – Linear (cannot convert to m3) No of passengers (cannot convert to m3) No of passengers (cannot convert to m3) No of vehicles (cannot convert to m3) No of vehicles (cannot convert to m3) TEU (CAN convert to m3!) TEU (CAN convert to m3!)

9. © Colin Cridland Data Used LRF PC Register LRF PC Register Stage 1 - All Cargo Ships – 53,460 vessels BUT: Stage 1 - All Cargo Ships – 53,460 vessels BUT: 3,235 vessels with NO dwt (6%) 3,235 vessels with NO dwt (6%) 286 vessels with NO GT (0.5%) 286 vessels with NO GT (0.5%) 6,324 vessels with NO NT (12%) 6,324 vessels with NO NT (12%) 2,711 vessels with NO LOA (5%) 2,711 vessels with NO LOA (5%) 241 vessels with NO Beam (0.5%) 241 vessels with NO Beam (0.5%) Tested relationship between dwt & GT, dwt & NT, NT & GT, m3 and GT & NT – ALL inconsistent Tested relationship between dwt & GT, dwt & NT, NT & GT, m3 and GT & NT – ALL inconsistent

10. © Colin Cridland 1 st Universal Measure Stage 2 - Selected vessels with Both LOA & LBP Stage 2 - Selected vessels with Both LOA & LBP Created LOA Size Categories (approx every 25m) Created LOA Size Categories (approx every 25m) Created Pivot Tables for LOA/LBP values for every LOA size range for every vessel type Created Pivot Tables for LOA/LBP values for every LOA size range for every vessel type Vessels with LOA/LBP values = 48,678 vessels Vessels with LOA/LBP values = 48,678 vessels Use LOA/LBP ratios from Pivots to populate previously blank LOAs Use LOA/LBP ratios from Pivots to populate previously blank LOAs Result 52,488 vessels having BOTH LOA and Beam. Result 52,488 vessels having BOTH LOA and Beam.

11. © Colin Cridland Vessel Footprint = VFm2 LOA x BEAM = VFm2 LOA x BEAM = VFm2 VFm2 = Ship Footprint in square metres VFm2 = Ship Footprint in square metres VFm2 provides mechanism for measuring vessels against port, waterway or drydocking space VFm2 provides mechanism for measuring vessels against port, waterway or drydocking space

12. © Colin Cridland VFm2 – World Fleet by Type

13. © Colin Cridland VFm2 – World Fleet by Flag

14. © Colin Cridland 2 nd Universal Measure Stage 3 - Select only vessels with m3 capacity measures or TEU (convert TEU to m3) Stage 3 - Select only vessels with m3 capacity measures or TEU (convert TEU to m3) Certain ship types excluded (e.g. Passenger) Certain ship types excluded (e.g. Passenger) Use largest m3 or combine according to ship type Use largest m3 or combine according to ship type Select out vessels with NO dwt & Create dwt size categories Select out vessels with NO dwt & Create dwt size categories Vessels with DWT AND m3 = 32,663 Vessels with DWT AND m3 = 32,663 Created Pivot Tables for DWT/m3 values for every DWT size range for every vessel type Created Pivot Tables for DWT/m3 values for every DWT size range for every vessel type Use DWT/m3 ratios from Pivots to populate previously blank DWTs & m3 but EXCLUDING anomalous values Use DWT/m3 ratios from Pivots to populate previously blank DWTs & m3 but EXCLUDING anomalous values Result calculated Total Cargo m3 (TCm3) for 42,248 vessels! Result calculated Total Cargo m3 (TCm3) for 42,248 vessels!

15. © Colin Cridland TCm3 – World Fleet by Type

16. © Colin Cridland Key Types - dwt/m3

17. Comparison of Measures

18. © Colin Cridland World Fleet by Key Type

19. © Colin Cridland WWL's owners order the world's largest RoRo ships 2007-12-19 WWL's owners Wilh. Wilhelmsen ASA of Norway and Wallenius Lines of Sweden have ordered four of the world's largest ro-ro vessels from Mitsubishi Heavy Industries' (MHI) Nagasaki yard in Japan for delivery in 2011 and 2012. The new ships will service Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics and have a carrying capacity of 138 000 cubic metres, close to 10% more than the WW/OW partnership's most recent ro-ro carriers. TCm3 for RoRo? – In Use!

20. © Colin Cridland What Types Can Be Measured? VFm2 – ALL TYPES! VFm2 – ALL TYPES! TCm3 so far… TCm3 so far… Bitumen, bunker, LNG, LPG, chemical, oil tanker, wine tanker, water tanker, fruit juice Bitumen, bunker, LNG, LPG, chemical, oil tanker, wine tanker, water tanker, fruit juice Bulker, ore carrier, OBO, Ore/Oil, open hatch, chip carrier, cement Bulker, ore carrier, OBO, Ore/Oil, open hatch, chip carrier, cement Containership, conbulker Containership, conbulker RoRo, PCC, PCTC, Ro-Lo, Ro-Ro/Other RoRo, PCC, PCTC, Ro-Lo, Ro-Ro/Other General cargo, MPP, Reefer, Ref Fish General cargo, MPP, Reefer, Ref Fish Heavy Lift, Livestock Heavy Lift, Livestock FPSO, FSO, Passenger, Cruise, Non Cargo – NOT YET! FPSO, FSO, Passenger, Cruise, Non Cargo – NOT YET!

21. © Colin Cridland Universal Measure? – it’s a Start! THANK YOU !