1. Corpus Linguistics: session 2 Corpus Linguistics (2): The Tools of the Trade http://tinyurl.com/ 669o4zt martin.wynne@it.ox.ac.uk ylva.berglund@it.ox.ac.uk

2. Today’s session An introduction to some features of tools Demo of different (kinds of) tools Hands-on practice with one tool AIM: Help you know what to look for in a tool for your work (and what options there are)

3. TYPES OF TOOLS There are different

4. Different kinds of tools Online / offline For one particular corpus / for any corpus or text Use straight away / need to prepare corpus 'Free' / licence conditions and costs

5. Different kinds of tools Online / offline For one particular corpus / for any corpus or text Use straight away / need to prepare corpus 'Free' / licence conditions and costs

6. Tools may have different functions: concordance, wordlist, statistics, collocation, keywords… handle annotation: interpret tags, ignore tags, treat tags as text take different text formats:.txt,.xml,.html

7. TYPICAL FUNCTIONS Different tools have different functions.

8. Concordance Search word + context Can be displayed as KWIC Can usually be sorted Used to see patterns of use

9. KWIC Concordance

10. Wordlist List all words in the corpus alphabetically by frequency Used as starting point for further functions keywords lexical density/readability calculations

11. Sampler AntConc wordlist

12. Collocations Co-occurrence patterns borrow money borrow books borrow a car May I borrow (more in Session 3)

13. Collocates: adjectives immediately preceding BUSINESS Corpus of Contemporary American English http://www.americancorpus.org /

14. Visualization Graphs Word clouds Distribution displays Etc.

15. Example: BNCweb

16. borrow

17. Example: Voyant Tools http://voyant-tools.org

18. ‘borrow’ Compare your intuition to what you find in the corpus What is borrowed and by whom? What words do you expect to find together with borrow? Can these words be grouped in some way, for example based on their word class, function, or meaning? Where would you expect these words (e.g. before or after borrow? Immediately adjacent or not?) Who do you think uses the work borrow? In what context or type of language would you find borrow? Are there any words that are NOT used with borrow?

19. AntConc Download AntConc for free from: http://www.antlab.sci.waseda.ac.jp/antconc_index.html (or just search for Antconc) Use your own texts and corpora. Find some examples at: http://www.ota.ox.ac.uk/

20. Tip of the week Register to use the BYU corpora for free. http://corpus.byu.edu

21. Next week (Session 3) Collocation Corpus linguists claim to have identified an important principle is responsible for the creation of much of the meaning of texts – collocation (co-occurrences). What is it, and are the claims true? Optional reading: * Xiao, Richard, and Tony McEnery (2006). "Collocation, Semantic Prosody, and near Synonymy: A Cross- Linguistic Perspective " Applied Linguistics 27(1): 103- 129. http://applij.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/1/103

22. Corpus Linguistics: session 2 Corpus Linguistics (2): The Tools of the Trade http://tinyurl.com/ 669o4zt martin.wynne@it.ox.ac.uk ylva.berglund@it.ox.ac.uk