1. Writing Research Reports in the Biological SciencesBy
Michael G. Smircich Biology and Marine Biology Peer Tutor
This handout is provided by the CLR.
This handout is provided by the CLR.

2. 7 Main Sections Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods
Results (Data)
Discussion
Conclusion
References (works cited)

3. Abstract Why the experiment was done
What questions/problem was addressed
How the research was done
What major results were obtained
What major conclusions were drawn
Don’t be fooled, this paragraph could make or break your entire paper!!!

4. Introduction
Background information from previous studies that directly relates to your research
Should anticipate any questions that are discussed later
Should end with a clear statement of the specific issues that will be addressed in the report

5. Introduction Should NOT: analyze results List data
Go into detail about methods
Make any conclusions

6. Materials and Methods Must be descriptive
Anyone should be able to read this section and replicate your experiment
Include all details that may have influenced your results
Should NOT include details that are irrelevant
i.e. we used #2 pencils to write in our notebooks

7. Results Summarize your findings
Use tables, graphs, illustrations, and words
Draw readers attention to major observations, trends, and important points
Be selective about including tables and graphs
Present data only once
DO NOT INTERPRET DATA HERE!!!

8. Results
Good or bad?

9. Results
Now this is good!

10. Discussion Interpret your results
Why were your results different than expected?
How do your results compare to other similar studies?
Ideas for future research
Ways to improve your experiment for future recreations

11. Conclusion Reiterate your original hypothesis or question statement
Did you answer/solve your question?
Sum up your findings
Suggest ways this study can be built upon in the future

12. Works Cited Should include all data you referenced
Typically done in APA format
In text citations should include (Author, date of publication) after the statement you quoted
i.e. Starfish have radial symmetry (Smircich,1999)
Reference list should be in alphabetical order according to author’s last name

13. Works Cited Example reference For more help with APA format:
Calabrese, A., Davis, H.C. (1966). The pH tolerance of embryos and larvae of Mercenaria mercenaria and Crassostrea virginica. Biological Bulletin. Vol No. 3. pp
For more help with APA format:

14. Acknowledgment (optional)
Some people may choose to add this section to thank anyone who has helped make their paper possible
Try to be short and concise
This can often be a tricky section
You never want to insult anyone by not including them

15. Should I write each section in order?
Easiest method
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Introduction
Abstract
Most importantly, do whatever works best for you!

16. Thank you. If you have an questions, please email me at msmir1@unh
Thank you! If you have an questions, please me at You may request an electronic copy of this presentation